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~-[[ru/FrontPage|Главная страница]] > [[ru/Software|Программное обеспечение]] > Обзор доступного ПО -~
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||<style="border: 0px hidden ;">~+ {{attachment:Portal/IDB/logo_portal.png}} Программное обеспечение доступное пользователям [[Debian]].+~ ||

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 . Краткое введение в программное обеспечение доступное для [[DebianStable|стабильной версии]] операционной системы Debian. Более подробно можно можно узнать по ссылкам приведённым ниже.
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== Программное обеспечение доступное для стабильного релиза Debian ==
В стандартной системе Debian достпно огромное количество программного обеспечения которое можно легко установить в систему используя [[DebianPackageManagement|инструменты управления пакетами]]<<FootNote(Новые пользователи Debian должны получать '''всё''' программное обеспечение из репозиториев Debian. Разработчики Debian проделали много работы для того чтобы программы, размещённые в репозиториях Debian, не конфликтовали друг с другом и были безопасными. Получение программного обеспечения из неофициальных источников не гарантирует стабильной работы! Сочетание систем управления пакетами и появление дистрибутивов Linux поддерживающих огромное количество софта фундаментально изменило практику системного администрирования, особенно для обычных пользователей. Не используйте неофициальные источники ПО, даже если их предоставляет сам автор, если не имеете навыков и времени для решения возможных проблем! Новички Linux часто получают софт от авторов, а также из различных мест в сети. Такая практика способствует нарушению стабильности, снижению гибкости и защищенности системы. Вы можете думать что получение программного обеспечения из разных источников и интеграция его в вашу систему является контролируемой. Практика говорит об обратном. Рекомендуем подождать пока вы не пройдёте через несколько крупных обновлений системы и не почувствуете себя кем-то вроде эксперта Linux, прежде чем отказаться от поддерживаемых сообществом официальных репозиториев Debian. )>>. Истоически Debian в своих репозиториях имеет больше программного обеспечения<<FootNote(В случае если программа была модифицирована под специфические особенности Debian это отмечается в документе {{{README.Debian}}} в директории пакета {{{/usr/share/doc/packagename/}}}. Обычно это представляет интерес для администраторов сереверов.)>> чем любой другой дистрибутив Linux.

Тем не менее, существуют ряд причин, по которым [[DebianStable|стабильная версия Debian]] не включает все желаемые и важные программы. Ситуацию смягчает существование большого количества дополнительного программного обеспечения, которое находится как в официальных так и не официальных репозиториях. Эта страница предоставляет обзор наиболее часто используемых и/или наиболее ёмких источников софта. Репозитории приведённые на этой странице являются либо ресурсами Debian, либо созданы членами сообщества для Debian<<FootNote(Even the unofficial sources are "officially unofficial" and would be part of Debian itself if the means were available to make it so.  These software sources strive to meet Debian's high standards and are engineered to integrate seamlessly into Debian.  They are well established and have proven themselves over time.)>> so, crucially, all of the software described here is supported by the Debian community at large.  More narrowly focused or obscure sources of Debian software, and sources from outside the Debian community, may be found on the page of UnofficialRepositories.

## For long portal, you can use a TOC
<<TableOfContents(3)>>
=== Notes Regarding Security ===
==== Security Considerations ====

The Debian project provides the highest level of security support to the free software included in the Debian [[DebianStable|stable]] release.  The official, semi-official, and non-official software sources listed herein may or may not receive this level of security support.

==== Security Updates of Existing Software ====

It is worth mentioning that Debian provides timely security updates but that the default install does not ensure that these updates are automatically installed as they become available.  An essential part of administering a Debian system is ensuring that security updates happen.

A Debian system is pre-configured to receive security updates when manually requested to do so.  The default desktop (gnome) provides a button in the menu bar which installs security updates.  Others may need to run (as [[root]]) {{{
aptitude update}}} followed by {{{
aptitude safe-upgrade}}} on a regular basis.  Packages are available which install security updates automatically.

<<Anchor(kmuto)>>
=== Software That Addresses Installation Problems ===

Because [[DebianStable|Debian's stable release]] changes minimally after release the stock version may not install on the newest hardware.  For that situation see http://kmuto.jp/debian/d-i/ for installers with up-to-date kernels.<<FootNote(The kernel, the core of the system, mediates between the rest of the system and most of the hardware.  Consequently a newer kernel often is all that's required to support newer hardware.)>>

Note also that some hardware requires non-free firmware to work; firmware that is not included as part of the stock Debian installer.<<FootNote(Unoffical installers exist which contain non-free firmware but there is not a lot of advantage in using them over following the instructions found in the installation guide.  See: http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/current/)>> See the details in the [[DebianInstall|installation instructions]], particularly the official installation guide, and obtain help via [[IRC]] or other support channels.

<<Anchor(backports)>>
=== Newer Software For Debian Stable ===

Because [[DebianStable|Debian's stable release]] changes minimally after release, and has few changes in months prior to release, the software included is not always the latest and greatest.  Those who need newer software but still want the reliability and security of [[DebianStable|Debian stable]] can often satisfy their wants with software from [[Backports|backports]], http://backports.debian.org.

[[Backports]] provide not only newer applications but also newer kernels.  Installing a newer kernel is often the best way to solve problematic hardware issues because the newer kernel contains many newer drivers and bug fixes.

If you need something that is not in backports, or something even newer that what's in backports, a good option is to backport the newer package yourself from the [[DebianSid|Debian sid/unstable]] release.  If the instructions for  [[SimpleBackportCreation|backporting from sid/unstable]] are not clear or you need further help the [[IRC]] channel can be a good support option.  You may also ask there should you need software even newer than that available in sid/unstable.

Backporting (recompiling and repackaging) is the '''only''' safe way to install packages from [[DebianSid|Debian Sid]] or [[DebianTesting|Debian Testing]] on a Debian stable system.  Do '''not''' install such packages without backporting.  Attempting to "mix" releases, especially by updating your [[sources.list]] file, is a sure way to break your system.  Recovery in these cases usually involves restore from backup.

Note that installing the latest software may not be the best way to meet your real needs.  IRC, and other support options, may be able to suggest other alternatives that help you accomplish your real goal.

{{{#!wiki warning
Those using backports, or backporting packages themselves, should be remember that security updates are no longer automatic!<<FootNote(At the time of this writing the Debian Security Team does not provide support for the software in backports.debian.org, although some software may get security updates from the backport maintainers.)>>}}}

=== Updates to Software for Debian Stable ===

Some software, such as spam scanners, must be very up-to-date to work.
To enable<<FootNote(The Debian installer does ask if the ''releasename''-updates suite is to be enabled so it may or may not already be enabled.)>> updates to the very latest versions of such software, or backports of the important parts, be sure that the ''releasename''-updates [[suite]] is enabled in {{{/etc/apt/sources.list}}}, by adding ''releasename''-updates to the end of the line.  Lines should look something like:<<FootNote(Of course there are GUI tools that will make such changes for those afraid of editing text.)>>

{{{
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main squeeze-updates}}}

Prior to the squeeze release such updates [[http://lists.debian.org/debian-volatile-announce/2011/msg00000.html|were available]] from
[[DebianVolatile|Volatile]], http://volatile.debian.org/.


=== Mozilla Web Browser and Email ===

http://mozilla.debian.net provides current versions of the mozilla software suite.

=== Audio and Video Software ===
{{{#!wiki warning
Warning

Some software is not included in Debian because it is illegal in some parts of the world.  Audio and video software can be especially problematic in this regard and the United States is among the more restrictive governments.  Mere possession may be a criminal offense and may lead to time in jail.  Ignorance of the law is no excuse.  This web page should not be considered a substitute for qualified legal advice; legal advice can only be obtained by consulting a lawyer.}}}

Much software related to multi-media, particularly software allowing the playback and manipulation of music, video, and the like, cannot be included in Debian itself for legal reasons.  http://deb-multimedia.org/ contains unofficial [[DebianStable|Debian stable]] packages of such software.

An alternate approach, one which takes more work but guarantees compatibility with Debian proper<<FootNote(Some are less than happy with the quality of deb-multimedia.org.  The original quote has been lost but the feeling is captured in this reconstruction of one expert's comment on Debian's IRC support channel: "I would rather gouge my eyes out with blunt toothpicks than let that shit anywhere near my systems.")>>, is to recompile the Debian source package of interest to enable codecs or other features excluded for legal reasons.  This is done by downloading the source .deb package with {{{apt-get source}}} ''packagename'', changing the compilation options found in {{{debian/rules}}}, using {{{dpkg --build}}} ''sourcedirectory'' to rebuild a binary .deb file, and {{{gdebi}}} ''packagename'' to install it.   It is a good idea to append ''+custom.X'', where ''custom'' is your custom name and ''X'' is your private revision number, to the version number defined in the source package's {{{.dsc}}} file to distinguish your re-packaging from stock Debian, and to put the resulting package on hold after installation with {{{aptitude hold }}}''packagename'' so that it is not automatically replaced during system upgrade.

=== Non-Free Software (e.g. Adobe's Flash) ===

In accordance with Debian's core principles, those codified in [[http://www.debian.org/social_contract|The Debian Social Contract]], the default Debian install is configured to install only Free Software.  Non-free software is made available to those who wish to [[http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/technical-advisory-board-tab/kerneldriverstatement|risk]] [[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html|its ills]].  Before blindly installing non-free software it may be prudent to [[IRC|ask]] if there is a Free replacement.<<FootNote(Regardless, it is much better to obtain non-free software from the official Debian repositories than it is to obtain it from elsewhere on the Internet, even from the software's original source.  The software in the Debian repositories has been proven to integrate with Debian and is updated when necessary to maintain security -- in so far as such is possible with non-free software.)>>

Access to non-free software distributed by the Debian project is done by modifying the {{{/etc/apt/sources.list}}} file.<<FootNote(Those afraid of typing text into a document can instead use checkboxes found in the graphical interface of the Synaptic package manager.)>>  The {{{sources.list}}} man page contains explanations and examples.  The basic idea is have the text {{{contrib}}} and {{{non-free}}} appear as ''components'', along with the {{{main}}} component, at the end of each line so that the non-free and contributed software [[suite|suites]] can also be downloaded from each software archive.

=== Software for Embedded Devices ===

A version of Debian, [[Embedded_Debian|Emdebian]], is available for embedded devices, devices with ultra-low capabilities.

=== Running Debian Without Installing ===

A computer can run Debian without installing it onto a hard drive; running instead from, say, a CD or a USB stick.  The [[http://live.debian.net/project/about/|Debian-Live]] project provides this capability.  A "live" version of Debian is no different from an installed version.  Software is installed and removed as usual, although whether or not these changes are preserved across reboots depends upon whether the underlying media is writable.

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