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Here are some commands that install the non-free MS Office fonts, which came with Office 2007 and Windows 7. Notably, this collection includes Calibri and Cambria, default fonts used in many MS Office documents.
Download the Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer executable:
wget https://archive.org/download/PowerPointViewer_201801/PowerPointViewer.exe
Verify that it is the correct file:
sha256sum PowerPointViewer.exe
If the checksum doesn't match 249473568eba7a1e4f95498acba594e0f42e6581add4dead70c1dfb908a09423, then it's not the right file. You can also save PowerPointViewer.exe.sha256 in the same directory and verify the checksum automatically with:
sha256sum -c PowerPointViewer.exe.sha256
which should return PowerPointViewer.exe: OK.
You need a tool to extract the files from the executable. It may be possible to use unrar, but cabextract is a better match for this use-case.
sudo apt install cabextract
Extract the part of the installer that has the fonts:
cabextract PowerPointViewer.exe -F ppviewer.cab
ppviewer.cab contains the font files. Extract the fonts into your user's font directory (deprecated):
mkdir -p ~/.fonts/ppviewer/ cabextract ppviewer.cab -F '*.TTC' -d ~/.fonts/ppviewer/ cabextract ppviewer.cab -F '*.TTF' -d ~/.fonts/ppviewer/
Note that, while ~/.fonts is still usable as of this edit, it is deprecated in favor of the XDG Base Directory Specification, ~/.local/share/fonts. Unless you're using a legacy application that doesn't recognize the newer XDG spec, it's recommended to use that instead of ~/.fonts:
mkdir -p ~/.local/share/fonts/ppviewer/ cabextract ppviewer.cab -F '*.TTC' -d ~/.local/share/fonts/ppviewer/ cabextract ppviewer.cab -F '*.TTF' -d ~/.local/share/fonts/ppviewer/
After this step, you may delete PowerPointViewer.exe and ppviewer.cab.
If your font-using application is already open, it'll probably need to be restarted before it can use the newly-installed fonts.