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Panduan Instalasi Debian GNU/Linux Bergambar

Instalasi sistem operasi GNU/Linux adalah pekerjaan yang relatif sederhana. Namun demikian, ada beberapa konsep (misalnya pemartisian hard disk) yang mungkin kurang jelas bagi para pengguna baru GNU/Linux. Panduan ini terutama ditujukan bagi mereka.

Sebelum melakukan pengubahan besar pada sistem komputer anda, SELALU lakukan backup terlebih dahulu. Tim Debian Boot telah melakukan pengujian mendalam pada installer yang digunakan, dan mereka percaya bahwa program installer ini aman dipakai, namun mereka tidak dapat mencegah anda dari melakukan kesalahan dan tidak dapat mencegah adanya gangguan catu daya listrik saat proses instalasi Debian dilakukan.

Debian tersedia dalam beberapa media instalasi. Panduan ini mengulas cara instalasi Debian menggunakan CD-ROM dan win32-loader (yang juga dikenal sebagai goodbye-microsoft.com). Panduan ini mengasumsikan anda akan melakukan instalasi Debian pada komputer yang telah memiliki sistem operasi MS Windows dalam partisi tunggal dan anda ingin mengkonfigurasi sistem "dual boot" -- suatu sistem yang akan memberikan pilihan pada anda mengenai jenis sistem operasi mana yang akan diaktifkan (misalnya, MS Windows atau Debian) saat anda menyalakan komputer.

Langkah Pertama

Instalasi menggunakan CD

Jika anda hendak melakukan instalasi Debian, namun tidak memiliki CD installer-nya, anda dapat mengundung image CD dari: http://debian.org/CD/ dan membakarnya pada keping CD-R, mengikuti langkah-langkah yang tersedia pada: http://debian.org/CD/faq/#record-windows

Ada lusinan CD yang ditampilkan pada halaman tersebut. Pilihlah salah satu dari tiga jenis image CD namanya yang berakhiran dengan: "CD-1.iso". Nama yang berakhiran "CD-1.iso" menyediakan lingkungan desktop Gnome, nama yang berakhiran dengan "kde-CD-1.iso" menyediakan lingkungan desktop KDE dan nama yang berakhiran dengan "xfce-CD-1.iso" menyediakan lingkungan desktop ?XFCE.

Jika anda tidak memahami istilah-istilah ini, jangan khawatir, jenis lingkungan desktop adalah masalah selera. Salah satu penulis panduan ini lebih menyukai KDE, sehingga ia menggunakan "kde-CD-1.iso" saat membuat tangkapan layar untuk panduan instalasi ini.

Selain memilih jenis lingkungan desktop, Anda juga perlu memilih CD installer sesuai dengan arsitektur komputer dimana CD akan digunakan. Jika anda tidak mengetahui jenis arsitektur komputer anda, biasanya "i386" (juga dikenal dengan nama "x86"). Untuk mendapatkan informasi arsitektur komputer dari MS Windows, Akses menu "Start", kemudian pilih: "Programs" --> "Accessories" --> "System Tools" --> "System Information".

Sekali anda membakar atau membeli CD Instalasi Debian yang sesuai, dan telah melakukan backup semua berkas-berkas penting pada komputer anda, masukkan keping CD ke Drive CD lalu restart komputer. Saat komputer restart, akan tampil menu pendek mengenai opsi instalasi. Pilih "Graphical Install" untuk menjalankan program installer dalam mode grafis.

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=010b_select_graphical-installer.png

win32-loader

Untuk menginstalasi Debian menggunakan win32-loader, pertama-tama unduhlah file "debian.exe" dari http://goodbye-microsoft.com/ kemudian klik-ganda icon "debian.exe" untuk menjalankan program ini.

Setelah menampilkan dialog pemilihan bahasa (misalnya Inggris), win32-loader akan meminta anda untuk menyetujui syarat-syarat lisensi GNU GPL. Jika anda setuju, win32-loader lalu akan meminta anda untuk memilih moda instalasi: "Normal" atau "Expert" (ahli), pilihlah "Normal".

Satu-satunya kelemahan memilih moda instalasi "Normal" adalah anda tidak dapat memilih jenis lingkungan desktop. Desktop GNOME akan diinstalasi secara default. Pada Apendiks C dijelaskan bagaimana anda dapat mengatasi kelemahan ini dan menginstalasi lingkungan desktop sesuai selera.

pada layar berikutnya, win32-loader akan menanyakan apakah anda akan melakukan instalasi Debian atau memperbaiki sistem yang ada. Karena anda membaca halaman ini, mestinya anda memilih "Install Debian".

Selanjutnya, win32-loader akan mengunduh beberapa berkas, lalu meminta anda untuk me-restart komputer dan mengingatkan anda untuk melakukan backup semua berkas-berkas penting. (Anda sudah melakukannya 'kan?)

Setelah komputer restart, Anda akan diminta untuk memilih salah satu sistem operasi (MS Windows atau Debian Installer). Pilihlah "Debian Installer" untuk memulai proses instalasi.

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=005_w32loader.png

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=010a_reboot.png

Proses Instalasi

Setelah menyelesaikan langkah-langkah diatas, Debian Installer akan berjalan dan memulai proses instalasi. Sampai tahap ini, komputer anda akan terkesan hang untuk satu dua menit dengan hanya berisi tampilan hitam di layar. Jangan panik, ini adalah hal yang normal.

Sesaat kemudian proses instalasi akan dimulai dan anda akan diminta untuk memilih jenis papan ketik yang digunakan (misalnya "Inggris Amerika"). Installer kemudian akan melakukan deteksi otomatis perangkat keras komputer dan jaringan anda.

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=012_di_keyboard-lang.png

Setelah selesai, installer kemudian akan meminta anda memasukkan hostname komputer dan nama domainnya. Jika anda melakukan instalasi Debian di komputer rumah, anda dapat mengisikan hostname dan domain dengan nama karangan anda sendiri (tidak perlu benar-benar merupakan hostname/domain yang terdaftar di DNS Internet).

Pemartisian Hard disk

Setelah menanyakan zona waktu yang dipakai di lokasi anda tinggal, installer kemudian melakukan deteksi hard disk dan menjalankan proses pemartisi. Tahapan ini merupakan tahap terpenting dari instalasi, maka anda perlu berhati-hati.

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=021_di_manual-partitioning.png

Installer akan menampilkan sekelompok opsi partisi yang menggunakan seluruh hard disk dan opsi partisi "Manual". Bila anda ingin menggunakan dual-OS di komputer, atau ingin mempertahankan data eksisting di hard disk, pilihlah opsi "Manual". Opsi partisi terpandu akan menggunakan seluruh ruang hard disk dan menghapus isi hard disk yang ada.

Tampilan tabel partisi diperlihatkan seperti berikut ini:

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  30.0 GB B   ntfs

Anda perlu mengurangi ukuran partisi ini agar ada ruang kosong baru untuk instalasi Debiannya, caranya (bila anda memakai penginstal grafis) pilih partisi ini dengan melakukan klik-ganda pada "#1 primary".

Pada layar berikutnya, pilih "Resize the partition", lalu pilih tombol "Yes" dan "Continue" saat diminta untuk menulis pengubahan yang dilakukan ke disk. Atur ukuran baru partisi MS Windows (misalnya 10.0 GB), kemudian klik "Continue".

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=023_di_partitioning.png

Installer akan mengubah ukuran partisi #1, menyusutkannya menjadi 10 GB kemudian menampilkan layar tabel partisi yang sekarang akan menjadi semacam ini:

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  10.0 GB B   ntfs
   >    pri/log  20.0 GB     FREE SPACE

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=027_di_partitioning.png

Sekarang anda telah memiliki ruang kosong untuk menempatkan instalasi Debian, kemudian pilih "Guided partitioning" dan pada layar berikutnya, pilih "Guided -- use the largest continuous free space". Pada layar berikutnya, pilih "Separate /home partition".

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=028_di_partitioning.png

Sebagian orang tidak setuju dengan cara installer membuat layout partisi, dimana semua berkas ditempatkan di satu partisi. Dalam pandangan mereka, installer harus membuat partisi terpisah untuk direktori "/home". Direktori home adalah lokasi dimana anda menyimpan seluruh berkas kerja dan berkas konfigurasi pribadi (misalnya pilihan wallpaper yang anda inginkan). Jadi bila anda memakai partisi home terpisah, berkas kerja dan berkas sistem akan berada di lokasi terpisah.

Pengguna baru GNU/Linux cenderung akan bereksperimen dengan "mainan" barunya. Di satu sisi, hal ini bagus karena begitulah anda mempelajari dan mengenal sistem operasi baru anda. Namun di sisi lain ada juga pengguna yang bertindak terlalu jauh. Mereka melakukan hal-hal yang merusak sistem dan perlu meng-instal ulang agar sistemnya kembali normal.

Jika mereka memilih membuat partisi terpisah untuk direktori home-nya, instalasi ulang merupakan hal yang relatif mudah. Tinggal melakukan tahapan proses instalasi pada partisi sistem dan membiarkan partisi berisi direktori home. Setelah selesai, semua berkas kerja pengguna masih ada ditempatnya, dan konfigurasi juga aktif seperti sebelumnya.

Jadi, pilihlah "Separate /home partition". Installer kemudian akan memilih sekumpulan konfigurasi yang sesuai dan menampilkan anda layer tabel partisi:

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  10.0 GB     ntfs
   > #2 primary   5.4 GB B f ext3 /
   > #5 logical 682.7 MB   f swap swap
   > #6 logical  14.0 GB   f ext3 /home

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=030b_di_partitioning.png

Jika anda setuju dengan saran konfigurasi yang dibuat installer, pilih "Finish partitioning and write changes to disk". Anda kemudian akan mendapat satu kesempatan terakhir untuk berubah pikiran. Jika anda memilih "No", anda akan kembali ke layar tabel partisi. Jika anda memilih "Yes", konfigurasi partisi akan ditulis ke disk dan instalasi sistem dasar (base system) akan dimulai.

Jika anda tidak setuju dengan ukuran partisi yang dibuat installer, lihat Apendiks A untuk penjelasan lanjut mengenai bagaimana mengubah ukuran partisi secara manual.

Setelah menulis tabel partisi baru ke disk, Installer Debian kemudian akan melakukan instalasi sistem dasar.

Membuat Akun Pengguna

Empat layar berikut akan memandu anda membuat akun "root" dan akun "pengguna" (user). Akun root adalah akun yang digunakan untuk melakukan tugas-tugas administratif dan konfigurasi sistem misalnya, instalasi perangkat lunak dan konfigurasi jaringan. Sementara akun pengguna digunakan untuk tugas-tugas yang tidak melibatkan perubahan konfigurasi sistem, misalnya mengakses Internet, menulis email, dll.

Adanya pemisahan antara akun root dan pengguna pada sistem operasi GNU/Linux merupakan fasilitas keamanan dasar. Pengguna biasa tidak dapat melakukan instalasi perangkat lunak karena mereka tidak memiliki hak akses yang diperlukan untuk memodifikasi direktori / folder dimana berkas-berkas sistem disimpan. Hal ini akan mencegah adanya perangkat lunak jahat yang menyusup dan merusak sistem lewat aktivitas yang dilakukan pengguna biasa (misalnya pengunduhan berkas saat menjelajah Internet).

Jadi pada empat layar berikut, pilih kata sandi yang kuat untuk akun root anda, lalu masukkan nama untuk akun pengguna serta pilih nama-pengguna (username) untuk akun ini serta masukkan kata kuncinya.

Mengenal Sistem Dasar Lebih Jauh

Installer kemudian akan mengkonfigurasi manajer paket dan menanyakan apakah anda ingin menggunakan server cermin untuk melengkapi koleksi perangkat lunak yang ada di CD instalasi. Jika anda menggunakan win32-loader, anda harus memilih "Yes" pada layar ini. Jika anda menggunakan CD dan tidak terhubung ke Internet (atau terhubung lewat jalur koneksi yang lambat), anda dapat memilih "No" pada layar ini. Bila anda meilih "Yes", installer akan memandu anda memilih server cermin mana yang akan digunakan (misalnya ftp.us.debian.org).

Setelah mengkonfigurasi manajer paket dan menginstalasi perangkat lunak tambahan, installer akan menanyakan apakah anda bersedia berpartisipasi dalam "kontes popularitas" paket dengan cara mengirimkan secara anonim paket aplikasi yang anda pakai ke Debian

Setelah instalasi beberapa komponen tambahan, installer akan meminta anda memilih beberapa kelompok perangkat lunak yang ingin anda instalasi. Jika anda memakai komputer desktop (bukan untuk server), maka pilihlah "Standard system". Untuk pengguna laptop, pilih juga "Laptop".

Pengguna baru juga harus memilih lingkungan desktop yang diinginkan. Jika anda menggunakan win32-loader dan telah mengikuti panduan instalasi ini, maka lingkungan desktop GNOME akan diinstalasi. Jika anda memakai CD< maka lingkungan desktop yang ada di CD tersebut yang akan diinstalasi (misalnya GNOME, KDE atau XFCE).

Pengguna yang berpengalaman memakai GNU/Linux mungkin akan menginginkan instalasi lingkungan desktop yang berbeda atau hanya menginstalasi elemen inti dari Desktop. Jika anda bersedia untuk login ke command prompt dan menginstalasi desktop secara manual, jangan pilih "Desktop environment", selesaikan instalasi dan lanjutkan ke Apendiks C untuk panduan instalasi desktop pilihan anda.

Setelah tahap ini installer kemudian akan memulai instalasi berbagai perangkat lunak. Silakan bersantai sembari menunggu proses ini selesai.

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=043_di_tasksel.png

Langkah selanjutnya, installer akan menginstalasi GRUB, boot loader yang membuat anda dapat memilih sistem operasi mana yang akan diaktifkan saat komputer boot. Installer akan mendeteksi sistem operasi MS Windows anda dan menanyakan apakah anda ingin menginstalasi boot loader GRUB ke master boot record. Pilih "Yes".

The installer will then perform a few more tasks and inform you when the installation will be complete. At that point, you should remove the CD from the drive (if applicable) and reboot your computer.

Upon reboot, you'll see the GRUB menu where you can select the operating system to start (e.g. Debian or MS Windows).

If you select MS Windows, you'll see that your MS Windows operating system is still intact. The first time you boot into MS Windows, it will notice that it has been resized and it will perform a check on its files.

At this point however, you're probably more excited to see your new Debian operating system.

At the GRUB menu, you'll notice that there are two Debian options. Select the first one. Do NOT select "single-user mode!" It's not what you think it is. Single-user mode should ONLY be used in emergencies when there is no other way to start the computer.

After selecting the first Debian option, a series of boot messages will flash across your screen and then you'll reach a login screen. Enter your username and password and you'll then see your new desktop.

Congratulations! You have successfully installed a GNU/Linux operating system on your computer.

Welcome to Debian!

http://wiki.debian.org/LennyIllustratedInstall?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=065_kde-default-desktop.png

Apendiks A -- Bagaimana memilih ukuran partisi secara manual

If you are not satisfied with partition sizes that the installer selects, then you can select them manually. To do that you should undo the changes by selecting the partitions you dislike and deleting them at the next screen.

For completeness, I'll assume that you have deleted all of the partitions except the MS Windows partition, denoted by "ntfs" (the name of Microsoft's file system for MS Windows XP and Vista) and your partition table looks something like this:

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  10.0 GB B   ntfs
   >    pri/log  20.0 GB     FREE SPACE 

For the purpose of this appendix, we'll first create a root partition, then we'll create a swap partition and finally, we'll create a home partition.

To start, double click on "FREE SPACE" and then select "Create a new partition."

At the next screen, select a size for the root partition, e.g. 5.4 GB. You'll then be asked if you want to set up a "Primary" or "Logical" partition. Choose "Primary" and, at the next screen, choose to place the partition at the "Beginning" of the available space.

The next screen will ask how you want to set up the partition. It assumes that you want to set up a root partition, so you should see a screen with the following information:

use as:         Ext3 journaling file system
mount point:    /
mount options:  defaults
...
Bootable flag:  on 

If any of those fields are different from what is listed above, double click on the field and set it to the correct option at the next screen. Once the fields are properly set, select "Done setting up this partition" and you'll then be taken back to the partition table screen.

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  10.0 GB     ntfs
   > #2 primary   5.4 GB B f ext3 /
   >    pri/log  14.6 GB     FREE SPACE 

Next you need to set up the swap partition, so double click on "FREE SPACE" and select "Create a new partition." Choose a size for the swap partition (e.g. 1.0 GB) and then choose to create a "Logical" partition. At the next screen, choose to place the partition at the "Beginning" of the available space.

The installer will assume that you want to create a home partition, but you don't want that. You want a swap partition, so double click on "use as: ..." and, at the next screen, choose "swap area" and then click "Continue." You'll then return to the partition options and (if all has gone well) you can choose "Done setting up the partition," which will return you to the partition table screen:

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  10.0 GB     ntfs
   > #2 primary   5.4 GB B f ext3 /
   > #5 logical   1.0 GB   f swap swap
   >    pri/log  13.6 GB     FREE SPACE 

Finally, you need to set up your home partition, so double click on "FREE SPACE," choose to "Create a new partition" and choose to use all of the remaining space (in this case, 13.6 GB). Choose to create a "Logical" partition."

The installer will assume that you want to create a home partition, so if the fields look like the following:

use as:         Ext3 journaling file system
mount point:    /home
mount options:  defaults
...
Bootable flag:  off 

then you can select "Done setting up this partition." If not, double click on the field and set it to the correct option at the next screen. Once the fields are properly set, select "Done setting up this partition" and you'll then be taken back to the partition table screen.

V IDE1 master (hda) - 30.0 GB HITACHI_DK23EA-30
   > #1 primary  10.0 GB     ntfs
   > #2 primary   5.4 GB B f ext3 /
   > #5 logical   1.0 GB   f swap swap
   > #6 logical  13.6 GB   f ext3 /home 

If you like the way the partition table looks, then click on "Finish partitioning and write changes to disk."

The next screen will give you one last chance to change your mind. If you decide that you don't like the partition table, then click "No" and you'll return to the partition table screen so that you can make the necessary changes.

If you're satisfied, you can select "Finish partitioning and write changes to disk." You'll then be given one last chance to change your mind. If you choose "No," you'll be returned to the partition table screen. If you choose "Yes," the changes will be written to disk and installation of the base system will begin.

Apendiks B -- Dasar-dasar Manajemen Paket

Unlike MS Windows users, GNU/Linux users obtain all of their software from the distribution that creates their operating system. This ensures that the software that they use is fully compatible with the other software packages that are installed on their system. This is important because many packages use the same software libraries.

To install software in Debian, the Advanced Packaging Tool (more commonly known as APT), automates the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages. In order to retrieve software however, APT must know where to find it. That information is stored in your "sources list" file (i.e. /etc/apt/sources.list ).

The simplest way to edit your your sources list file is to go to the console and become root by typing:

$ su
Password: 

Before going any further, stop to notice the difference in prompts. A normal user sees the $ sign, while root sees the # sign.

Now, we'll edit your sources list with nano, a simple console-based text editor. So type:

# nano /etc/apt/sources.list 

If you prefer to use only Free/Open Source software, then edit the file so that it looks like this:

deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ lenny main
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ lenny main
deb http://security.debian.org/ lenny/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ lenny/updates mai

Then press Ctrl+X to exit, Y to save and Enter to write.

If proprietary software does not bother you, then add "contrib non-free" to the end of each of those lines. "contrib" and "non-free" provide you with a wider range of software, but the software there is not Free/Open Source. (Strictly speaking, packages in "contrib" meet Debian's Free Software Guidelines, but depend on packages that are not Free/Open Source. As the name implies, packages in "non-free" are proprietary). You should read http://debian.org/intro/free and acquaint yourself with this issue.

Once you have edited your sources list file, you have to inform APT of the change. To do that, run:

# apt-get update 

Advanced users generally prefer to perform all package management tasks from the command line, whereas new users generally prefer to use a graphical tool, such as Synaptic. So let's install Synaptic from the command line:

# apt-get install synaptic 

That command will download the DEB files necessary to install Synaptic, decompress them and install them on your system.

Once the packages are installed, there's no need to leave the DEB files laying around. In fact, it's a good idea to get rid of them every once in a while, so that they do not fill up your root partition. To do that you would run:

# apt-get clean 

That command will only remove the downloaded DEB files. It will not remove packages that you installed. If you want to remove a package (e.g. Synaptic), then you would run the following command:

# apt-get remove synaptic 

Don't run that command. It's just there for completeness of this guide You'll want to give Synaptic a try before you remove it!

Finally, don't forget to exit out of your root account:

# exit 

When starting Synaptic, you'll have to enter your root password. Once you do, you'll be able to perform package management tasks (such as searching, installing and removing) from within a graphical ("point and click") interface.

The combination of APT and Synaptic make installation of new software easier and safer than the typical MS Windows method of searching the internet for an EXE file from someone you don't know, downloading that EXE file, double-clicking on it and hoping for the best.

Debian's (enormous) repositories contain all the software you'll ever need. Stick to them and breathe easily. You'll never have to worry again.

Apendiks C -- Instalasi Lingkungan Desktop Alternatif

One of the great things about GNU/Linux is that it has a number of different faces. As mentioned previously, the win32-loader installs GNOME by default, but that shouldn't stop you from trying some of the others.

If you did not install a desktop when you installed Debian, then you can use this appendix to install one from the command line. Alternatively, you can use this appendix to keep your current desktop and install others, so that you can decide which one you like most.

This appendix assumes that you have already know the basics of package management (as explained in Appendix B). It also assumes that you have not installed a desktop yet.

So let's suppose you want to install KDE. To do that, you would login with your username and password and then become root by typing:

$ su
Password: 

Next, you would run:

# apt-get update
# apt-get install alsa-base xorg kdm kde gtk-qt-engine 

More experienced users may to install a smaller subset of packages. To do that you would replace "kde" with "kde-core konq-plugins" in the command above.

In either case, a lot of software will be installed, so follow it with:

# apt-get clean 

Then restart your computer by running:

# shutdown -r now 

After a reboot, you'll be taken directly to the KDE login screen. After entering your username and password, you'll be taken to your KDE desktop.

If you want to install XFCE, the same procedure applies, but you would run:

# apt-get update
# apt-get install alsa-base xorg gdm xfce4 

For some extra goodies, follow that command with:

# apt-get install hal xfce4-goodies xfce4-mixer xfce4-mixer-alsa  thunar-archive-plugin 

Then run:

# apt-get clean
# shutdown -r now 

Upon reboot, you'll be taken to a login window. Entering your username and password will take you to your XFCE desktop.

If you want to install GNOME, you would run:

# apt-get update
# apt-get install alsa-base xorg gdm gnome
# apt-get clean
# shutdown -r now 

More experienced users may wish to replace "gnome" with "gnome-core" to obtain a smaller subset of packages.

Once again rebooting the computer will take you to a login window, where you'll enter your username and password to get to your GNOME desktop.

Finally, if you already have an installed desktop, then there is no reason to specify "alsa-base," "xorg," "gdm," and "kdm" when you type the commands to install GNOME, KDE or XFCE.

There's also no reason to restart the computer. Simply log out of your current desktop to return to the login screen (either KDM or GDM) and find the menu item which allows you to select the desktop that you would like to login to. Then enter your username and password to go to the desktop of your choice.

Apendiks D -- Paket-paket yang disarankan

Perhaps the most confusing thing about migrating to GNU/Linux is discovering the equivalents of software that you used with MS Windows. This appendix provides a list of packages to help you get started. For a more comprehensive list, see the table of software equivalents at Linux Questions: http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Linux_software_equivalent_to_Windows_software

This appendix assumes that you know the basics of package management (described in Appendix B), and it shows also alternatives (i.e. gimp, and kolourpaint both are for image editing).

For a light-weight word processor and spreadsheet, try ?AbiWord and Gnumeric:

# apt-get install abiword gnumeric 

For a more complete office software package, try OpenOffice.org:

# apt-get install openoffice.org 

For PDF viewing and editing:

# apt-get install evince pdfedit pdftk 

For image editing:

# apt-get install gimp kolourpaint inkscape 

Of course, you'll want to print some of the documents and spreadsheets you create, so:

# apt-get install cups cups-bsd cups-driver-gutenprint cups-pdf foomatic-db foomatic-db-engine foomatic-db-gutenprint foomatic-filters ijsgutenprint libgutenprint2 

For Debian's unbranded versions of Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird, use Iceweasel and Icedove:

# apt-get install iceweasel icedove 

To view embedded movies, you need the MPlayer plugin:

# apt-get install mozilla-mplayer 

To view Java applets in your web browser, you need a plugin:

# apt-get install icedtea-gcjwebplugin 

To view Flash videos, you'll need a plugin. Gnash provides a Free/Open Source plugin. It's not perfect, but it works reasonably well. To install it, you first need to install GStreamer:

# apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-base gstreamer0.10-alsa  gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-fluendo-mp3 gstreamer0.10-gnomevfs  gstreamer0.10-plugins-good 

Then you need to install Gnash:

# apt-get install mozilla-plugin-gnash gnash-cygnal 

Or you can install swfdec which works very well.

# aptitude install swfdec-mozilla

For internet chat:

# apt-get install kopete pidgin 

For internet telephony:

# apt-get install wengophone ekiga 

For multimedia:

# apt-get install amarok vlc mplayer gxine kaffeine k3b ffmpeg 

Apendiks E -- Bagaimana bekerja dengan partisi MS Windows

Now that you have installed Debian, you probably want to work with some of the files that you created while working in MS Windows. Usually, MS Windows XP uses the proprietary NTFS file system. Microsoft never released the specifications for this file system however, so NTFS used to be very difficult to work with.

Fortunately, a group of developers has created a Free/Open Source driver that can read and write to NTFS-formatted partitions. Unfortunately, their work encountered a lot of concerns about the safety of writing to an NTFS disk from within GNU/Linux. Many were afraid that their driver would seriously damage the NTFS partition.

The NTFS-3G developers made reliability the highest priority for their project however and concerns about the stability of their driver seem to have passed. Please consider these issues before using NTFS-3G.

If you decide not to use NTFS-3G, you will still be able to access the files on your MS Windows partition, but your access will be read-only. That may be sufficient for many people. For example, you could open up a letter that you wrote, but if you wanted to edit it and save the changes, then you would have to save those changes to a GNU/Linux partition or a FAT32 partition. Both GNU/Linux and MS Windows can read and write to FAT32 partitions.

This appendix assumes that you know the basics of package management (described in Appendix B-) and it assumes that your MS Windows XP partition is formatted with NTFS. It will address the case of read-only access and the case of read-write access.

To get started, open a console and become root by typing:

$ su
Password: 

If you want read-write access, you'll have to install the NTFS-3G library. You can do this by running:

# apt-get update
# apt-get install ntfs-3g 

If you don't want read-write access, there's no need to install the library.

Next, we need to find the partition where MS Windows XP is located. To get a list of NTFS partitions, type:

# fdisk -l | grep NTFS 

Note that that command is "fdisk"followed by a dash and a lower case "L." Then there is a vertical line, called a "pipe," followed by "grep NTFS". The pipe is located above the "Enter" button on your keyboard.

You'll get something that looks like this:

/dev/sda1   *           1       19457   156288321    7  HPFS/NTFS 

What that means is the NTFS partition is located at /dev/sda1 (the "first partition of the 'sda device'").

Before attempting to mount that partition however, we must first make sure that it is not already mounted. To check, type:

# mount 

and look for the NTFS partition. If it is mounted, then type:

# umount /dev/sda1 

Note that there is only one "n" in the "unmount" command.

To mount the partition, we'll first create a directory for it (assuming that one has not already been made), then we'll mount the MS Windows XP partition in that directory.

To make the directory, type:

# mkdir /media/mswindows 

If you want read-only access to the partition, type:

# mount -t ntfs /dev/sda1 /media/mswindows -o ro,umask=0222 

If you want read-write access to the partition, type:

# mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/mswindows 

If you open your file manager and go to the /media/mswindows directory, you'll now be able to see all of your files. If you used NTFS-3G, you'll also be able to write to those files.

Before going any further, remember to unmount the MS Windows XP partition when you're done. To do that, you would type:

# umount /dev/sda1 

Now that we have access to the NTFS partition, let's make it more convenient by mounting that partition at boot time. I'll give you the commands you need, but you are strongly encouraged to read the ?TuxFiles explanation of the /etc/fstab file. http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/fstab.html

Once you're ready, use nano (the console-based text editor) to edit your /etc/fstab file:

# nano /etc/fstab 

After nano opens the /etc/fstab file, look to see if the "name" of the MS Windows XP partition is already in there. If it is, then "comment out" the line by placing a hash (the # symbol) at the beginning of the line. For example, you could comment out the floppy disk line of your /etc/fstab file:

# /dev/fd0        /media/floppy0  auto    rw,user,noauto   0      0 

Commenting out the line will prevent it from being read at boot-time, but leave the text of the line in the same file (in case you need it for some odd reason).

If you want read-only access to the partition, you would add the following line to your /etc/fstab file:

/dev/sda1     /media/mswindows   ntfs     ro,umask=0222    0      0 

If you want read-write access, you would add the following line:

/dev/sda1     /media/mswindows   ntfs-3g  defaults         0      0 

After you have typed the appropriate line, press Ctrl+X to exit, Y to save and Enter to write.

Now exit out of root and out of the console.

# exit
$ exit 

After your reboot your computer, you'll notice that your MS Windows XP partition is already mounted at the /media/mswindows directory and you can access those files.

Appendix F -- Further Reading

This guide contains a lot of information to quickly get you up and running on your new GNU/Linux desktop. It is not a complete installation manual however. For more detailed installation instructions:

There are a lot of differences between GNU/Linux and MS Windows however and it will take time to get used to your new operating system. To help bridge the gap, you may want to read:

Support from the Debian community can be found at:

To learn more about the Debian Project: