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Portal/IDB/logo_portal.png Les logiciels disponibles aux utilisateurs de Debian



Les logiciels disponibles pour la version stable de Debian

L'installateur par défaut de Debian installe une grande quantité de logiciels disponibles, tous installables facilement depuis Debian en utilisant l'outils de gestion des paquets.1 Historiquement Debian a eu beaucoup de logiciels2 dans ses dépôts par rapport aux autres distributions Linux.

Néanmoins, pour diverses raisons, la version stable de Debian n'inclut pas tous les logiciels que les gens trouvent importants et attendent. Pour remédier à ceci il y a pas mal de logiciels additionnel disponible pour la version de Debian, depuis les sources officielles et non officielles. Cette page fournit un aperçu des sources les plus couramment utilisées et/ou celles avec étendue ou une portée importantes. Les sources logicielles sur cette page sont toutes produites par Debian lui-même ou par des membres de la communauté Debian pour Debian3 Donc, fondamentalement, tous les logiciels décrits ici sont supportés par une importante communauté Debian. Des sources plus obscures de logiciel Debian, et des sources hors de la communauté Debian peuvent être trouvées sur la page des dépôts non officiels.

Notes Regarding Security

Security Considerations

The Debian project provides the highest level of security support to the free software included in the Debian stable release. The official, semi-official, and non-official software sources listed herein may or may not receive this level of security support.

Security Updates of Existing Software

It is worth mentioning that Debian provides timely security updates but that the default install does not ensure that these updates are automatically installed as they become available. An essential part of administering a Debian system is ensuring that security updates happen.

A Debian system is pre-configured to receive security updates when manually requested to do so. The default desktop (gnome) provides a button in the menu bar which installs security updates. Others may need to run (as root)

aptitude update

followed by

aptitude safe-upgrade

on a regular basis. Packages are available which install security updates automatically.

Software That Addresses Installation Problems

Because Debian's stable release changes minimally after release the stock version may not install on the newest hardware. For that situation see http://kmuto.jp/debian/d-i/ for installers with up-to-date kernels.4

Note also that some hardware requires non-free firmware to work; firmware that is not included as part of the stock Debian installer.5 See the details in the installation instructions, particularly the official installation guide, and obtain help via IRC or other support channels.

Newer Software For Debian Stable

Because Debian's stable release changes minimally after release, and has few changes in months prior to release, the software included is not always the latest and greatest. Those who need newer software but still want the reliability and security of Debian stable can often satisfy their wants with software from backports, http://backports.debian.org.

Backports provide not only newer applications but also newer kernels. Installing a newer kernel is often the best way to solve problematic hardware issues because the newer kernel contains many newer drivers and bug fixes.

If you need something that is not in backports, or something even newer than what's in backports, a good option is to backport the newer package yourself from the Debian sid/unstable release. If the instructions for backporting from sid/unstable are not clear or you need further help the IRC channel can be a good support option. You may also ask there should you need software even newer than that available in sid/unstable.

Backporting (recompiling and repackaging) is the only safe way to install packages from Debian Sid or Debian Testing on a Debian stable system. Do not install such packages without backporting. Attempting to "mix" releases, especially by updating your sources.list file, is a sure way to break your system. Recovery in these cases usually involves restoring from backup.

Note that installing the latest software may not be the best way to meet your real needs. IRC, and other support options may be able to suggest other alternatives that help you accomplish your real goal.

Those using backports, or backporting packages themselves, should remember that security updates are no longer automatic!6

Updates to Software for Debian Stable

Some software, such as spam scanners, must be very up-to-date to work. To enable7 updates to the very latest versions of such software, or backports of the important parts, be sure that the releasename-updates ?suite is enabled in /etc/apt/sources.list, by adding releasename-updates to the end of the line. Lines should look something like:8

deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main squeeze-updates

Prior to the squeeze release such updates were available from Volatile, http://volatile.debian.org/.

Mozilla Web Browser and Email

http://mozilla.debian.net provides current versions of the Mozilla software suite.

Audio and Video Software

Warning

Some software is not included in Debian because it is illegal in some parts of the world. Audio and video software can be especially problematic in this regard and the United States is among the more restrictive governments. Mere possession may be a criminal offense and may lead to time in jail. Ignorance of the law is no excuse. This web page should not be considered a substitute for qualified legal advice; legal advice can only be obtained by consulting a lawyer.

Some software related to multi-media, particularly software allowing the playback and manipulation of music, video, and the like, is not included in Debian itself for legal reasons. This is now much rarer than in the past9.10

Sometimes it may be appropriate to recompile the Debian source package of interest to enable codecs or other features excluded for legal reasons. This is done by downloading the source .deb package with apt-get source packagename, changing the compilation options found in debian/rules, using dpkg --build sourcedirectory to rebuild a binary .deb file, and gdebi packagename to install it. It is a good idea to append +custom.X, where custom is your custom name and X is your private revision number, to the version number defined in the source package's .dsc file to distinguish your re-packaging from stock Debian, and to put the resulting package on hold after installation with aptitude hold packagename so that it is not automatically replaced during system upgrade.

Non-Free Software (e.g. Adobe's Flash)

In accordance with Debian's core principles, those codified in The Debian Social Contract, the default Debian install is configured to install only Free Software. Non-free software is made available to those who wish to risk its ills. Before blindly installing non-free software it may be prudent to ask if there is a Free replacement.11

Access to non-free software distributed by the Debian project is done by modifying the /etc/apt/sources.list file.12 The sources.list man page contains explanations and examples. The basic idea is to have the text contrib and non-free appear as components, along with the main component, at the end of each line so that the non-free and contributed software ?suites can also be downloaded from each software archive.

However, it is to be noted that there is some exception these days with the rise of "Application Sandboxing" technologies like Flatpak, etc, but still, Debian can't guarantee the same security prospect in that case. Flatpak lets applications run on a custom runtime, which is isolated from base Debian system. Again, /usr/bin, /lib64 etc are very sensitive places, so careful doing any modifications over there.

See FlatpakHowto for more.

Software for Embedded Devices

If you have large enough storage for standard Debian distribution, it is available for ARM (armel, armhf, arm64) and MIPS (mips, mipsel, mips64el) processors as well as i386 and amd64.

The Emdebian project has been abandoned and some of the efforts have been integrated into Debian.

Running Debian Without Installing

A computer can run Debian without installing it onto a hard drive; running instead from, say, a CD or a USB stick. The Debian-Live project provides this capability. A "live" version of Debian is no different from an installed version. The software is installed and removed as usual, although whether or not these changes are preserved across reboots depends upon whether the underlying media is writable.

See Also



Footnotes:

  1. Les nouveaux utilisateurs de Debian doivent obtenir tous leurs logiciels depuis les répertoires de Debian. Les responsables de Debian ont beaucoup travaillé pour assurer que les logiciels inclut dans les répertoires de Debian fonctionnent bien ensembles et sont sûres. Obtenir des logiciels depuis des sources non-Debian annule la (non-existente) garantie! L'association de la gestion des paquets et l'arrivée des distributions Linux qui fournissent de grande quantité de logiciel changent fondamentalement la pratique de l'administration système, surtout pour les utilisateurs standards. N'obtenez pas de logiciels depuis un autre endroit que Debian, même pas depuis l'auteur du logiciel, sauf si vous avez les compétences et le temps pour résoudre les problèmes en résultant! Les débutants en Linux sont souvent habitués à obtenir leurs logiciels directement depuis l'auteur du logiciel, ainsi que depuis d'autres sources sur le Net. Cette pratique contribue à l'instabilité, à la rigidité et à l'insécurité des systèmes non-Linux. Vous pouvez penser que parce que vous utilisez et êtes habitué à obtenir des logiciels depuis différentes sources et de les intégrer dans votre système que cette pratique est raisonnable. L'expérience montre le contraire. Nous vous conseillons d'attendre plusieurs mises à jour majeures du système et de vous considérer comme un expert en Linux avant de vous aventurer en dehors des logiciels supportés par Debian. (1)

  2. Dans le cas où le logiciel ou sa configuration a été modifiés pour ajouter une particularité spécifique à Debian celles-ci sont notées dans un document README.Debian situé dnas le répertoire /usr/share/doc/packagename/. Ceci n'intéresse généralement que les administrateurs de serveurs. (2)

  3. Même les sources non officielles sont "officiellement non officielles" et ferait partie de Debian lui-même si les moyens étaient disponibles pour le faire. Ces sources logicielles s'efforcent de respecter les standards Debian et sont conçus pour intégrer sans problème Debian. Ils sont bien conçus et sont eux-même testés régulièrement. (3)

  4. The kernel, the core of the system, mediates between the rest of the system and most of the hardware. Consequently a newer kernel often is all that's required to support newer hardware. (4)

  5. Unoffical installers exist which contain non-free firmware but there is not a lot of advantage in using them over following the instructions found in the installation guide. See: http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/current/ (5)

  6. At the time of this writing the Debian Security Team does not provide support for the software in backports.debian.org, although some software may get security updates from the backport maintainers. (6)

  7. The Debian installer does ask if the releasename-updates suite is to be enabled so it may or may not already be enabled. (7)

  8. Of course there are GUI tools that will make such changes for those afraid of editing text. (8)

  9. Say, pre-squeeze. (9)

  10. Note that http://deb-multimedia.org/ is no longer a recommended source of Debian stable packages. (10)

  11. Regardless, it is much better to obtain non-free software from the official Debian repositories than it is to obtain it from elsewhere on the Internet, even from the software's original source. The software in the Debian repositories has been proven to integrate with Debian and is updated when necessary to maintain security -- in so far as such is possible with non-free software. (11)

  12. Those afraid of typing text into a document can instead use checkboxes found in the graphical interface of the Synaptic package manager. (12)