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For Sid, VirtualBox is available in the "non-free" section of Debian, only for the amd64 architecture. It can be installed as such: | For Sid, VirtualBox is available in the "contrib" section of Debian, only for the amd64 architecture, while the guest additions are in the "non-free" section of Debian. It can be installed as such: |
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which is available in the "contrib" archive area on all Debian versions. | which is available in the "non-free" archive area on all Debian versions. |
Translation(s): English - 한국어 - Русский - Українська
VirtualBox is an open source x86 emulator developed by innotek (bought by Sun, now Oracle) comparable to VMware. A proprietary extra package enhances the base experience, adding things like RDP access to the Guest. This page contains some how-to, tips and tricks when setting up and using VirtualBox. |
Since version 4.0 the name suffix OSE became obsolete. All non-GPL parts are now packed in an additional extension pack available from Oracle.
Contents
Installing VirtualBox
Debian Sid/Unstable
For Sid, VirtualBox is available in the "contrib" section of Debian, only for the amd64 architecture, while the guest additions are in the "non-free" section of Debian. It can be installed as such:
Add the "contrib" and the "non-free" components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:
# Debian Unstable "Sid" deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ sid main contrib non-free
Update the list of available packages:
sudo apt update
Install the virtualbox package, for instance:
sudo apt install virtualbox
Optionally install the extension pack with:
sudo apt install virtualbox-ext-pack
Debian 10 "Buster" and Debian 11 "Bullseye"
Packages for VirtualBox are not officially available in stable releases of Debian, due to lack of cooperation from upstream on security support for older releases. See 794466
However, new versions of VirtualBox are made available to stable users on a "rolling" basis by Debian Fast Track, a Debian project. This is currently available for Debian 10 and 11.
Add the Fast Track repository by following the instructions at https://fasttrack.debian.net/
Install the VirtualBox package with:
sudo apt install virtualbox
Optionally install the extension pack with:
sudo apt install virtualbox-ext-pack
Debian 9 "Stretch"
Packages for VirtualBox are not available in Debian 9. To install VirtualBox you must use the stretch-backports repository or the upstream third-party repository.
The version of VirtualBox in stretch-backports (5.2.24) is old and unsupported, but still available. To use it, see the instructions on https://backports.debian.org/Instructions/ (add an entry for the contrib section, not just the main section) and install with
sudo apt install virtualbox
Oracle Virtualbox third-party repository
Oracle packages VirtualBox for a number of Linux distributions themselves, including Debian. These are completely unsupported by Debian, but you may find them interesting if you need a new version faster than Fast Track provides, or wish to stick close to upstream.
See Oracle's instructions on the VirtualBox Wiki.
Installing the Guest Additions on a Debian VM
This section documents installing the Guest Additions on a VirtualBox virtual machine with Debian, not a host system running VirtualBox.
If you want the Guest Additions ISO for your host, see the virtualbox-guest-additions-iso package, which is available in the "non-free" archive area on all Debian versions.
Debian Sid/Unstable
For Sid, the Guest Additions are available in the "contrib" section of Debian, only for the amd64 architecture. They can be installed as such:
Add the "contrib" and the "non-free" components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:
# Debian Unstable "Sid" deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ sid main contrib non-free
Update the list of available packages:
sudo apt update
Install the relevant packages, for instance:
sudo apt install virtualbox-guest-x11 virtualbox-guest-dkms
Debian 12 "Bookworm"
There are no packages, as of spring 2022, for the Guest Additions for Debian Bookworm in the repositories. In order to install the prerequisites to build the Guest Additions from the VirtualBox Guest Additions ISO, follow these instructions:
1. The appropriate kernel headers and build tools:
sudo apt install build-essential dkms linux-headers-$(uname -r)
2. Mount the Guest Additions ISO and copy VBoxLinuxAdditions.run from the ISO's location to your home folder.
3. Open a terminal and execute the following commands to install the guest additions:
sudo chmod +x ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run sudo ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
4. Reboot the system and the VirtualBox Guest Additions should be installed!
Debian 10 "Buster" and Debian 11 "Bullseye"
Packages for VirtualBox's Guest Additions are not officially available in stable releases of Debian, due to lack of cooperation from upstream on security support for older releases. See 794466
However, new versions of the Guest Additions (along with the rest of VirtualBox) are made available to stable users on a "rolling" basis by Debian Fast Track, a Debian project. This is currently available for Debian 10 and 11.
Add the Fast Track repository by following the instructions at https://fasttrack.debian.net/
Install the VirtualBox package with:
sudo apt install virtualbox
Optionally install the extension pack with:
sudo apt install virtualbox-guest-x11 virtualbox-guest-dkms
Debian 9 "Stretch"
There are no packages for the Guest Additions for Debian Stretch in the repositories. In order to install the prerequisites to build the Guest Additions from the VirtualBox Guest Additions ISO, follow these instructions:
1. The appropriate kernel headers and build tools:
sudo apt install build-essential dkms linux-headers-$(uname -r)
2. Mount the Guest Additions ISO and copy VBoxLinuxAdditions.run from the ISO's location to your home folder.
3. Open a terminal and execute the following commands to install the guest additions:
sudo chmod +x ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run sudo ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
4. Reboot the system and the VirtualBox Guest Additions should be installed!
Starting
Desktop
In KDE, go to: KDE menu > System > Oracle VM VirtualBox
In GNOME, go to: Activities > List Applications > all (super + A) > Oracle VM Virtualbox
In Mate, go to: Mate menu > Applications > System tools > Oracle VM VirtualBox
In Xfce, go to: Application > System tools > Oracle VM VirtualBox
From an X terminal:
$ virtualbox Or $ VirtualBox
Server
You can start VirtualBox in Headless mode using VBoxHeadless like this:
$ VBoxHeadless -startvm "VMName"
You should run this inside a screen instance and detach the screen after starting the VM with Ctrl+a d. At least in version 4.0.x you won't need to use screen. Just start the vm with:
$ VBoxManage startvm "VMName" --type headless
and a VBoxSVC process appears in the background. You can loggoff without problems.
Troubleshooting
The character device /dev/vboxdrv does not exist
When starting VirtualBox, the following message is shown:
WARNING: The character device /dev/vboxdrv does not exist. Please install the virtualbox-ose-modules package for your kernel and load the module named vboxdrv into your system. You will not be able to start VMs until this problem is fixed.
Load the VirtualBox kernel module (also load vboxnetflt in Debian Squeeze):
$ su # modprobe vboxdrv
If the module is not found, refer to Installation to provide a virtualbox-dkms* package to your system.
You are not a member of the "vboxusers" group
As stated by VirtualBox:
WARNING: You are not a member of the "vboxusers" group. Please add yourself to this group before starting VirtualBox. You will not be able to start VMs until this problem is fixed.
Add your user account to the vboxusers group via adduser(8), as described in Installation:
$ su # adduser yourusername vboxusers
Reboot your system to apply the group membership change.
Kernel driver not installed (rc=-1908)
You receive the following message
The VirtualBox Linux kernel driver (vboxdrv) is either not loaded or there is a permission problem with /dev/vboxdrv. Please reinstall the kernel module by executing '/etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup' as root. Users of Ubuntu, Fedora or Mandriva should install the DKMS package first. This package keeps track of Linux kernel changes and recompiles the vboxdrv kernel module if necessary.
After running
$sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup
VirtualBox works fine until you reboot the system. This is because "vboxdrv" is not loaded during system boot.
Solution.
Make sure that you actually have these packages in your system
1) dkms;
2) build-essential;
3) linux-headers-$(uname -r)
Then, append the following line to /etc/modules
vboxdrv
-1909 VERR VM DRIVER NOT ACCESSIBLE
See You are not a member of the "vboxusers" group above.
RDP not working out of the box?
To get RDP working you need to install the VirtualBox Extensions Pack from the vendors website VirtualBox Downloads.
Simply download the extensions pack, click "File" => "Preferences" => "Extensions" => "Down arrow". Select the file you downloaded above. Click "OK". Restart VirtualBox.
Loading VirtualBox kernel modules...modprobe vboxdrv failed
When installing VirtualBox, the following message is shown:
Loading VirtualBox kernel modules...modprobe vboxdrv failed.
and dmesg give:
Lockdown: modprobe: unsigned module loading is restricted
It is because Secure Boot is enable, you have to sign yourself the kernel modules to be able to load them.
See instructions to sign kernel modules with a Machine Owner Key at: https://wiki.debian.org/SecureBoot#MOK_-_Machine_Owner_Key
You can also deactivate the secure boot in your bios.
Tips & Tricks
Switching consoles
The normal way to switch consoles in Linux is to use the ctrl-alt-Fx key combination. This does not work for a VirtualBox virtual machine (VM); it will switch consoles for the host system instead.
You should use <Host Key>-Fx instead, where <Host Key> is the key defined in File->Preferences->Input.
This also works for ctrl-alt-del and ctrl-alt-backspace
This is documented in the VirtualBox user manual in the section "Keyboard and mouse support in virtual machines", subsection "Typing special characters".
(An alternative method to switch between text consoles is to use alt-left and alt-right, but that does not work for graphical consoles like XOrg or DirectFB.)
How to remotely start virtual machines using VNC
Remote:
- log onto your remote box
install tightvncserver
- launch it (you don't need a display), pick a password
- determine which port it is using, a way to do so:
netstat -tap | grep vnc
- Let's say it's 5901
- unlog from there since the server forked in the background
Local:
install xtightvncviewer
- create a ssh tunnel to your box:
ssh -L 5901:localhost:5901 you@remote
- use it: (note there are two colons)
xtightvncviewer localhost::5901
then VBoxManage startvm $yourvm &
- and start as many virtual machines as wanted.
See Also
Alternative SystemVirtualization tools.
It is possible to use Veewee to automate the creation of Debian guests images for VirtualBox
External Links
http://www.virtualbox.org/ - VirtualBox OSE homepage;
http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/User_FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html (PDF) - Official User Manual
http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Linux_Downloads - Using upstream's binaries (repository).
ToDo:
Describe shared folders feature (user needs to be in vboxsf group)
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