There are various ways to trace execution of programs written in various languages:

|| Tracing type || Tool || Command-line ||
|| ELF (syscalls) || DebianPackage:strace || `strace program args` ||
|| ELF (functions) || DebianPackage:ltrace || `ltrace program args` ||
|| ELF (functions) || DebianPackage:latrace || `latrace program args` ||
|| getenv(3) calls || [[https://github.com/jwilk/getenvy|getenvy]] || `export LD_PRELOAD="libgetenvy.so" ; GETENVY=1 program args` ||
|| Shell || all shells || `sh -x /usr/bin/program args` ||
|| Perl || DebianPackage:libdevel-trace-perl || `perl -d:Trace /usr/bin/program args` ||
|| Ruby || DebianPackage:ruby-rbtrace || `rbtrace --exec /usr/bin/program args` ||
|| Python || [[https://docs.python.org/3/library/trace.html|Python trace module]] || `python3 -m trace --trace /usr/bin/program args` ||
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CategoryDebugging