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== Useful commands ==

Shell commands can refer to various things:
A shell accepts various kinds of commands:
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To find your way around the command-line in Debian and other Linux distributions, you will want to learn how to use some basic commands, then dive into more advanced shell scripting progressively.

Here is a list of commonly used commands, along with some examples. Each command link to its manpage or wiki page. To get more info about a command, remember to use ManPages. It's your first help !

To know what package provides a specific program, use ''Search the contents of packages'' on https://packages.debian.org/
The [[coreutils]] page lists basic command-line utilities you will probably want to know to use Debian or an GNU/Linux system.

Here is a list of commonly used commands, along with some examples. Each command link to its manpage or wiki page. To get more info about a command, remember to use ManPages!

Use https://manpages.debian.org/ to browse and search for manpages.
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 * {{{cd}}} - change the shell working directory.  * '''{{{cd}}}''' - change the shell working directory.
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== Text search/replace/manipulation ==

The following tools can help you perform complex searches, replacements and scripted editing in text files:
== Compression ==

See [[Compression]]

== Other commands ==

These commands are provided by various Debian packages.

To know what package provides a specific program, use ''Search the contents of packages'' on https://packages.debian.org/

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== Compression ==

See [[Compression]]


== Other programs ==

Translation(s): English - Français - Italiano - Русский

(!) ?Discussion


A shell accepts various kinds of commands:

  • executable programs installed from Debian packages

  • built-ins provided by the shell

  • manually installed executable programs

The coreutils page lists basic command-line utilities you will probably want to know to use Debian or an GNU/Linux system.

Here is a list of commonly used commands, along with some examples. Each command link to its manpage or wiki page. To get more info about a command, remember to use ?ManPages!

Use https://manpages.debian.org/ to browse and search for manpages.

Shell builtins

  • A Shell builtin is a command or a function, called from a shell, that is executed directly in the shell itself, instead of an external executable program which the shell would load and execute.[1]

Here are some builtins provided by Bash, the default shell in Debian. See the bash manpage:

  • cd - change the shell working directory.

  • alias - create a command alias

  • echo - write text/arguments to the standard output

Compression

See Compression

Other commands

These commands are provided by various Debian packages.

To know what package provides a specific program, use Search the contents of packages on https://packages.debian.org/

  • grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep - print lines that match patterns

  • awk - pattern-directed scanning and processing language

  • xargs - build and execute command lines from standard input

  • clear - clear the terminal screen


TODO: everything below

  • cmp: Compare two files

  • comm: Compare two sorted files line by line

  • cp Copy one or more files to another location

  • crontab: Schedule a command to run at a later time

D

  • date: Display or change the date & time

  • dc: Desk Calculator

  • dd: Data Dump - Convert and copy a file

  • df: Display free disk space

  • diff: Display the differences between two files

  • dir: Briefly list directory contents

  • dircolors: Colour setup for ls

  • dirname: Convert a full pathname to just a path

  • dmesg: Output is from the kernel booting, showing the devices it has found and if it has been able to configure them at all (aside from userland configuration).

  • du: Estimate file space usage

E

  • eject: Eject CD-ROM

  • env: Display, set, or remove environment variables

  • exit: Exit the shell (or press Ctrl-D)

  • export: Set an environment variable

F

  • fdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux

  • file: Tells what kind of files are those listed on command line

  • find: Search for files that meet a desired criteria

  • for: Expand words, and execute commands

  • format: Format disks or tapes

  • free: Display memory usage

  • fsck: Filesystem consistency check and repair.

  • ftp: Transfer/receive files from/to a remote host

G

  • groups: Print group names a user is in

  • gzip/gunzip: Compress or decompress named file(s)

H

  • head: Output the first part of file(s)

  • history: Command History

  • hostname: Print or set system name

I

  • id: Print user and group id's

  • if/then/else/elif/fi Conditionally perform a command

  • info: Help info

J

  • join: Joins lines on a common field

K

  • kill: Stops a process from running

  • killall: Stops matching process from running

L

  • less: Display output one screen at a time

  • ln: Make links between files

  • locate: Find files using an indexed list.

  • logname: Print current login name

  • logout: Exit a login shell

  • lpc: Line printer control program

  • lpr: Off line print

  • lprint: Print a file

  • lprintq: List the print queue

  • ls: List information about file(s)

M

  • man: Help manual

  • mkdir: Create new folder(s)

  • more: Display output one screen at a time

  • mount: Mount a file system

  • mv: Move or rename files or directories

N

  • nice: Set the priority of a command or job

P

  • passwd: Modify a user password

  • printf: Format and print data

  • ps: Process Status. Lists running process

  • pwd: Print Working Directory

Q

R

  • rgrep: Recursive grep

  • rm: Remove file(s)

  • rmdir: Remove folder(s)

  • rsync: Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees) using its own protocol. It may be used over an ssh or rsh connection.

S

  • scp: Copy files between two machines over an ssh connection

  • sdiff: Merge two files interactively

  • sed: Stream Editor

  • select: Accept keyboard input

  • sftp: Secure file transfer (FTP over SSH)

  • shutdown: Shutdown or restart Linux

  • sleep: Delay for a specified time

  • sort: Sort text files

  • ssh: Secure Shell

  • su: Substitute user identity

  • sudo: Execute a command as another user

  • sync: Synchronize data on disk with memory

T

  • tail: Output the last part of files

  • tar: Tape Archiver

  • time: Measure Program Resource Use

  • touch: Change file timestamps or create an empty file

  • top: List processes running on the system

  • traceroute: Trace Route to Host

  • tr: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters

  • true: Do nothing, successfully

U

  • umask: Users file creation mask

  • umount: Unmount a device

  • uname: Print system information

  • uniq: Uniquify files

  • until: Execute commands (until error)

  • useradd: Create new user account

  • usermod: Modify user account

  • users: List users currently logged in

V

  • vdir: Verbosely list directory contents (ls -l -b)

W

  • watch: Execute/display a program periodically

  • wc: Print byte, word and line counts

  • which: Locate a program file in the user's path.

  • who: Print all usernames currently logged in

  • whoami: Print the current user id and name (`id -un')

other

  • . : See source

  • #: Comment / Remark.



CategoryCommandLineInterface