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## page was renamed from SSDoptimization
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This describe SDD optimization with system having encrypted root and swap.

## If your page gets really long, uncomment this Table of Contents
This page is about optimal set up of an SSD (Solid State Drive). This page should be kept clean enough for beginners to get the most basic idea.
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/!\ An important aspect in optimizing SSD performance is the file system and partition alignment (1 MiB borders aligned to the 4096 byte blocks of the hardware). This wiki page does not cover these issues.

== Preliminaries ==

 * Use a recent Linux kernel. (>3.2)
 * Have enough RAM to not need any swap space under normal workloads. However, do still set up a swap partition on a hdd, just in case and to be able to suspend to hdd.
 * To disable (or reduce) disk writes during each disk read access, use the "noatime" (or "relatime") mount option in /etc/fstab.
 * Create all filesytems as ext4.
 * With btrfs (not yet stable), set "ssd" mount option in /etc/fstab to enable the SSD optimized disk space allocation scheme.

== Partitioning Scheme ==

A commonly recomendable setup for serious work on a desktop/laptop:

 * internal SSD (speeds up and mirrors the static part of the system, and the user's important work-data)
 * internal HDD (contains the whole system)
 * external (removable) HDD to (mirrors the whole system)
 * optional: an additional external (removable) HDD (to mirror the whole system)
   With additional HDDs, setup additional md* raids (each mirroring an internal and external partition and having a write intent bitmap) that replace the the internal HDD partitions in the raids below.
   (to mirror the whole system to multiple external HDDs "rolling-backup-style" create stacked raids with bitmaps)

If /var is kept on a persistent ramdisk (or only directly on the HDD) to avoid excessive wear on the SSD, a failed ssd can be fully reconstructed from HDD, but a failed HDD can only be fully reconstructed from the external HDD mirror or a backup. (Nevertheless, the presented scheme still allows to reconstruct your latest work-data from the SSD if the internal HDD failed.)



350MB boot-fs (md0 on /boot):
If you want to encrypt the rootfs you need to encrypt the swap partition,
and create this separate 350MB boot-fs (md0).
 * raid 1 (SSD + HDD) with hdd for failure tolerance
 * no write intent bitmap to avoid SSD wear from frequent bitmap updates
 * Setting "echo writemostly > /sys/block/md0/md/dev-<HDD-PARTITION>/state" seemed to add the "W" flag, but not avoid slow/noisy/consuming reads from hdd.
Workaround: mdadm {--fail, --remove, --add} /dev/mdX --write-mostly /dev/sdXY
 * With an external HDD, make the HDD partitions a little (1MiB?) larger than on the SSD, to allow them to hold a the main raid1.
 * Use mdadm directly if disk-utility (palimpsest) gives errors.


20GB root-fs (md1_crypt on /):
 * Keeps system separated from user data
 * Allows system mirroring to be temporarily write-buffered or disabled (on laptops if on the road) independently from user data mirroring (HDD idle/undocked)
 * syncing user data does not involve syncing system data (is faster)
 * raid 1 (SSD + HDD) with hdd for failure tolerance
 * same setup as above

or 5GB home-fs (md1_crypt on /home):
Even if you do not want a raid mirror for the boot- and root-fs, you may still want at least a small separate home-fs raid, because it allows to reduce HDD spin-ups without the general write buffering risks: The HDD can be removed (or write buffered) separately if on battery, while updates are still written to SSD imediately.
Create the home-fs raid with a few GBs mounted as /home, to contain (mostly only) the configuration files, lists of most recently used files, desktop (environment) databases, etc. that don't warrant to spin up the hdd on every change. Then you may be remove the hdd from that raid if on battery.
 * raid 1 (SSD + HDD) with hdd for failure tolerance
 * same setup as above
Still, even if you can prevent hdd spin-ups with this, to reduce the wear on the SSD caused by programs that are constantly updating logs, desktop databases or state files etc. in /home, you will have to use a persistent ramdisk (see profile-sync and goanything below) for those files (or the complete /home).

100GB work-data-fs (md2_crypt on /mnt/work-data)
Using this only for /home/*/work-data allows to keep this raid mirror fully active while the hdd in the root-fs or home-fs raid is write-buffered or disabled. Thus writes to most recently used lists, browser caches, etc. do not wake up the hdd, but saving your work does.
 * raid 1 (SSD + HDD) with hdd for failure tolerance
 * same setup as above
 * Optionally, SSD + md-hdd (raid 1 with bitmap of an internal + external HDD)
  * ~/work-data (symlink into work-data-fs, or mountpoint on single-user systems)
  * ~/bulk-data (symlink into bulk-data-fs)
  * ~/volatile (transient RAM buffer synced to home-fs)

15 GB var-fs (md3_crypt on /var)
It allows you to see how variable /var actually is, by experiencing hdd spin-ups in addition to when saving to work-data (even if the root-fs/home-fs HDD raid members are write-buffered/disabled).
 * raid 1 (internal HDD + external HDD)

Large bulk-data-fs (/mnt/bulk-data):
 * raid 1 (internal HDD + external HDD)
 * with write intent bitmap to speed up syncs:
    mdadm --grow /dev/mdX -b internal




== Reducing writes to solid state disks "SSDs" or (laptop) hard disk drives "HDDs" ==

To stop constantly changing files from hitting on the ssd directly:

Use a throwaway /tmp ramdisk (tmpfs), to completely avoid unnecessary writes:
debian: Set RAMTMP, RAMRUN and RAMLOCK to "yes" (in /etc/default/rcS or /etc/default/tmpfs since wheezy)
ubuntu: /etc/fstab: tmpfs /tmp noatime,nosuid 0 0
 /!\ RAMTMP will keep /tmp in RAM only, causing its content to be discarded on every shutdown! Using a persisten ramdisk (see below) or an increased commit interval shall reduce disk writes significantly without discarding data on a regular basis.


Use persistent ramdisks (dedicated read/write RAM buffer that gets synced periodically and on startup/shutdown) to accumulate sdd-writes and hdd spin-ups.
  
With anything-sync-daemon or goanysync set up:
 * /home (synced to work-data-fs raid only once a day?), you only risk settings the true work in /home/*/work-data is on a dedicated raid
== WARNING ==

Some firmware versions on some SSD models have bugs that result in data corruption when used in certain ways. For this reason the Linux ata driver maintains a "blacklist" of certain things it shouldn't do on certain drive/firmware combinations. This list is in the linux source at [[https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/ata/libata-core.c#n3775|drivers/ata/libata-core.c]]. If you have a blacklisted controller/drive combination, you are at risk until a newer kernel avoids the problem.

In particular, many drives, including Samsung, Micron, Crucial have [[https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/ata/libata-core.c#n4519|problems with discard/TRIM]]. Also see DebianBug:790520

Make sure you review the latest version of that file for your model, and if present then make sure it's also in the version of the kernel you intend to run or find some other way to avoid the problems (like not using discard/TRIM, or a particular firmware version).

== Basics ==

 * Use a reasonably recent Linux (kernel) -- at least version 3.2.
   * SSD caching is only supported on Linux 3.9 or newer.
 * Use the latest firmware for the SSD
   * Use a command like: "{{{sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda}}}" to check for issues.
   * Update firmware as needed.
 * Use the ext4 filesytem (the most mature filesystem) unless you have reason not to.
   * The btrfs filesytem is still in experimental state as of Linux (kernel) 3.11 but supports additional mount options like "ssd".
 * Have enough DRAM required to operate without swap space under normal workloads.
   * You need a swap partition that is larger than your DRAM to save all the DRAM content securely for hibernation.
   * If your SSD size is too small for your DRAM size, think about placing your swap on the larger classic HDD.
   * If you are planning on doing a huge amount of writes (more than 40-50 GB per day), it is advised to avoid SSDs that use TLC NAND.


These may also help:
 * https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Solid_State_Drives
 * http://siduction.org/index.php?module=news&func=display&sid=78
 * http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=76921
 * http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/SSD (German)

== Partitions and Alignment ==

You should consider to use the [[Multi HDD/SSD Partition Scheme]] to keep variable and bulk data on the HDD(s) and establish a fallback redundancy, if the system also has a HDD available (internal or external spinning disk).

Since Wheezy, all tools should automatically align filesystems and partitions to the 4096 byte page size. This is one of the most important optimization aspects. Here are good links for this subject:

 * [[DiskBlockAlignment|Block Alignment issues and analysis on Debian]] (not specific to SSD)
 * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_format|Advanced Format]]
 * [[http://www.linux-mag.com/id/8397/|Aligning SSD Partitions (Linux magazine)]]
 * [[http://tytso.livejournal.com/2009/02/20/|Aligning filesystems to an SSD’s erase block size] by Ted T'so]] (kernel FS developer)
 * http://blog.nuclex-games.com/2009/12/aligning-an-ssd-on-linux/
 * http://lifehacker.com/5837769/make-sure-your-partitions-are-correctly-aligned-for-optimal-solid-state-drive-performance

== Mounting SSD filesystems ==

The performance of SSDs is also influenced by filesystem mounting options:

 * Add the "noatime" (or "relatime") mount option in /etc/fstab, to disable (or significantly reduce) disk writes whenever a file is read. Please note that since Linux (kernel) 2.6.30, "relatime" is the default.
  * This improves filesystem read performance for both SSDs and HDDs.
 * First read the WARNING at the top of this page. '''If desirable''', enable the "discard" filesystem options for automatic online TRIM.
  * Set "issue_discards" option in /etc/lvm/lvm.conf for LVM if you want LVM to discard on lvremove. See lvm.conf(5).
  * Set "discard" option in /etc/crypttab for dm-crypt.
  * Enable weekly trim. http://blog.neutrino.es/2013/howto-properly-activate-trim-for-your-ssd-on-linux-fstrim-lvm-and-dmcrypt/
{{{
sudo cp /usr/share/doc/util-linux/examples/fstrim.{service,timer} /etc/systemd/system # <-- this line is not needed on buster
sudo systemctl enable fstrim.timer
sudo systemctl start fstrim.timer
}}}

  * Alternatively, and often not recommended: Set "discard" mount option in /etc/fstab for the ext4 filesystem, swap partition, Btrfs, etc. See mount(8).
 * The "discard" options '''is not needed''' if your SSD has enough overprovisioning (spare space) or you leave (unpartitioned) free space on the SSD.
  * See http://www.spinics.net/lists/raid/msg40866.html
 * The "discard" options with on-disk-cryptography (like dm-crypt) have '''drawbacks with security/cryptography'''.
  * See [[http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=crypttab&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=Debian+unstable+sid&format=html&locale=en|crypttab(5)]].

Example for dm-crypt's /etc/crypttab:
{{{
#<target name> <source device> <key file> <options>
var UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef none luks,discard
}}}

After changing filesystem options, update settings in all initramfs images:
{{{
$ sudo update-initramfs -u -k all
}}}

(!) Alternative to setting the "discard" options is to set up an offline-trim cronjob that runs {{{time fstrim -v }}} on the ssd mountpoints periodically (but the WARNING at the top of the page is relevant here too). For older versions software raid (md device layer) that lack trim support, you could use something like mdtrim (https://github.com/Cyberax/mdtrim/).

(!) Alternative to LVM's "issue_discards" is to {{{blkdiscard}}} on the LV before lvremove, or afterwards on a temporarily created LV with {{{lvcreate -l100%FREE}}} to trim all unused LVM space.

== Reduction of SSD write frequency via RAMDISK ==

Use of RAMDISK can stop constantly changing files from hitting on the SSD (it may hit SSD via swap). RAMDISK configuration may be performed via

 * Set RAMTMP, RAMRUN and RAMLOCK to "yes" (in /etc/default/rcS or /etc/default/tmpfs since Wheezy). Of course, this will not improve writing to the SSD if your system (filesystem holding / or /tmp) is not located on it.
/!\ [[https://lists.debian.org/debian-user/2014/07/msg01314.html|/etc/default/tmpfs is a sysvinit specific config file]]. If you are
running systemd:
{{{
sudo cp /usr/share/systemd/tmp.mount /etc/systemd/system/
sudo systemctl enable tmp.mount
}}}
 * /etc/fstab: line such as "tmpfs /tmp tmpfs noatime,nosuid 0 0"
 * Optionally, make system only flush data to the disk every 10 minutes or more:
  * Kernel settings like the "dirty_buffer_ratio" etc. may only be available as non-path/mount specific global settings.
  * Mount option "commit=600" in /etc/fstab. See mount(8).
  * Or better, use pm-utils ([[DebianBug:659260|Debian BTS #659260]]), tlp, or laptop-mode-tools (also optimizes read buffers) to configure the laptop-mode even under AC operation.

 /!\ Attention: Increasing the flushing interval from the default 5 seconds (maybe even until proper shutdown) leaves your data much more vulnerable in case of lock-ups or power failures, and seems to be a global setting.

Enabling RAMTMP may cause some (broken) applications to run out of temporary write disk space. In this case, setting TMPDIR environment variable for those programs pointing to a writable disk space should fix their situation. It might as well cause other unwanted side effects if the disk space occupied in your /tmp is high (e.g. unexpected swapping).

Please note files in /tmp are wiped out upon reboot unless /etc/default/rcS is set to something other than TMPTIME=0 (if not set, 0 is the default value).

== Persistent RAMDISK ==

As an advanced option, you may consider to use persistent RAMDISK (dedicated read/write RAM buffer that gets synced periodically and on startup/shutdown) with anything-sync-daemon or goanysync set up:

 * /home (synced to work-data-fs raid only once a day?), you only risk settings the true work in /home/*/work-data is on a dedicated raid
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  * /var/log if suported   * /var/log if supported
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Options to having logs copied into RAM: http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/661, http://www.tremende.com/ramlog, https://github.com/graysky2/anything-sync-daemon (if it supports this), or https://github.com/wor/goanysync
    
Options to having logs copied into RAM:
 *
http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/661
 *
http://www.tremende.com/ramlog
 *
https://github.com/graysky2/anything-sync-daemon (if it supports this)
 *
https://github.com/wor/goanysync
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Alternatives to persistent ramdisk:
 
 * Make system only flush data to the disk every 10 minutes or more:
 /!\ Attention: Increasing the flushing interval from the default 5 seconds (maybe even until proper shutdown) leaves your data much more vulnerable in case of lock-ups or power failures, and seems to be a global setting.
  * Manually set "commit=600" mount option in /etc/fstab. See mount(8).
  * Or better, set up pm-utils ([[http://bugs.debian.org/659260|Debian BTS #659260]]) or laptop-mode-tools (also optimizes read buffers) to enable laptop-mode even under AC operation.


== Optimized IO-Scheduler ==

Install sysfsutils and
  echo "/sys/block/sdX/queue/scheduler = deadline" > /etc/sysfs.conf
(adjust sdX to match your SSD) reboot or
== Low-Latency IO-Scheduler ==

This step is not necessary for SSDs using the NVMe protocol instead of SATA, since NVMe uses the blk-mq module instead of the traditional I/O scheduler.

The default I/O scheduler queues data to minimize seeks on HDDs, which is not necessary for SSDs. Thus, use the "deadline" scheduler that just ensures bulk transactions won't slow down small transactions: Install sysfsutils and
  echo "block/sdX/queue/scheduler = deadline" >> /etc/sysfs.conf
(adjust sdX to match your SSD) reboot or
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== Other Options for SSDs ==

The performance of SSDs can also be influenced by these:

 * Maybe enable the "discard" filesystem options for automatic/online TRIM. However this is not strictly necessary if your SSD has enough overprovisioning (spare space) or you leave (unpartitioned) free space on the SSD (http://www.spinics.net/lists/raid/msg40866.html). Enabling online-trim in fstab may just slow down some SSDs signficantly (https://patrick-nagel.net/blog/archives/337).
  * Set "discard" mount option in /etc/fstab for the ext4 filesystem, swap partition, Btrfs, etc. See mount(8).
  * Set "issue_discard" option in /etc/lvm/lvm.conf for LVM. See lvm.conf(5).
  * Set "discard" option in /etc/crypttab for dm-crypt.
'''Note that using discard with on-disk-cryptogrpahy (like dm-crypt) also has drawbacks with respect to security/cryptography!''' See crypttab(5).

dm-crypt's /etc/crypttab:
{{{
#<target name> <source device> <key file> <options>
var UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef none luks,discard
}}}
 You'll also need to update your initramfs: `update-initramfs -u -k all`


 * Optionally, set up an offline-trim cronjob that runs {{{time fstrim -v }}} (or mdtrim) on the ssd mountpoints periodically. Until software raid (md device layer) has trim support, you could use something like mdtrim (https://github.com/Cyberax/mdtrim/).


More: http://siduction.org/index.php?module=news&func=display&sid=78 http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=76921 https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/SSD



== /etc/fstab ==
In systems with different drive types you can adjust settings with a [[udev]] rule (create /etc/udev/rules.d/60-ssd-scheduler.rules):
{{{
# set deadline scheduler for non-rotating disks
ACTION=="add|change", KERNEL=="sd[a-z]", ATTR{queue/rotational}=="0", ATTR{queue/scheduler}="deadline"
}}}

To check if the kernel knows about SSDs try:
{{{
  # for f in /sys/block/sd?/queue/rotational; do printf "$f is "; cat $f; done
/sys/block/sda/queue/rotational is 1
/sys/block/sdb/queue/rotational is 1
/sys/block/sdc/queue/rotational is 0 <=== Only this is SSD!
}}}
{{{
  $ grep . /sys/block/sd?/queue/rotational
/sys/block/sda/queue/rotational:1
/sys/block/sdb/queue/rotational:1
/sys/block/sdc/queue/rotational:0 <=== Only this is SSD!
}}}

To switch scheduler manually issue:
{{{
# echo deadline > /sys/block/$YOURDRIVE/queue/scheduler
}}}
To see results:
{{{
# for f in /sys/block/sd?/queue/scheduler; do printf "$f is "; cat $f; done
/sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler is noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler is noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdc/queue/scheduler is noop [deadline] cfq <== That is!
}}}
{{{
$ grep . /sys/block/sd?/queue/scheduler
/sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler:noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler:noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdc/queue/scheduler:noop [deadline] cfq <== That is!
}}}

The dumb "noop" scheduler may be a little faster in benchmarks that max out the throughput, but this scheduler causes noticeable delays for other tasks while large file transfers are in progress.

== /etc/fstab example ==

Here is an example of /etc/fstab
(read WARNING at top about discard before copying from this example)
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== /etc/lvm/lvm.conf ==
== /etc/lvm/lvm.conf example ==

(read WARNING at top about discard before copying from this example)

You do not need this setting for filesystem discard; it is for LVM to discard on lvremove etc. If you prefer to do this manually, use blkdiscard on to-be-removed LV.
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See

 * http://wiki.debian.org/DebianAcerOne?highlight=%28SSD%29#Reducing_Disk_Access_for_laptops_with_SSDs
See

 * [[InstallingDebianOn/Acer/AspireOne#Reducing_Disk_Access_for_laptops_with_SSDs|Acer Aspire One: "Reducing Disk Access for laptops with SSDs"]]


== Adding vm.swappiness in sysctl for the kernel ==

As per http://evolvisforge.blog.tarent.de/archives/68 which has come on p.d.o. as well as on 29/07/2013 the following needs to be added in /etc/sysctl.conf.d/ for better longevity of the disc:

{{{
# /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf

#vm.swappiness=0
vm.swappiness=1
}}}

Setting vm.swappiness=0 is more aggressive but may cause out-of-memory events. http://java.dzone.com/articles/OOM-relation-to-swappiness

'''Note:''' together with other settings vm.swappiness =may be a considerable enhancement to I/O performance; worth reading: http://rudd-o.com/linux-and-free-software/tales-from-responsivenessland-why-linux-feels-slow-and-how-to-fix-that

== reduce swapping activities with ZRam ==

Using [[ZRam]] (aka compcache) it is possible to use data compression on the contents of the system memory (RAM). This effectively trades in some CPU cycles for the ability to stuff a lot more into the available system memory and thereby reduces the need for swapping out memory pages to the SSD. It uses specialised high speed data compression algorithms that are especially light on the CPU and yet are said to give typically about 1:3 compression on this type of content. Because compressing is typically faster than writing to swap devices it also brings performance improvements to systems without excessive amounts of physical memory. It is available on the kernel Linux since version 3.2. See the respective article on how to activate it.

== Upgrading the Firmware ==

(read WARNING at top before making firmware changes)

Some problems might occur due to firmware bugs. Therefore, use tools like [[DebianPkg:smartmontools|smartctl]] (terminal) or [[DebianPkg:gsmartcontrol|GSmartControl]] (GUI) to check for warnings to update the firmware.
Normally the manufacturer provides these proprietary firmware images packed within update tools, available as bootable CD ISO images.

In case they used FreeDOS started by syslinux, instead of booting from CD, you can extract the (floppy) image inside the ISO and create a new entry in your GRUB2 boot menu.

For the Crucial m4 firmware update, the ''syslinux.cfg'' looks like this:
{{{
LABEL default
 KERNEL memdisk
 append initrd=boot2880.img floppy raw
}}}

Copying the files ''memdisk'' and ''boot2880.img'' to the boot partition allows them to be started from GRUB2, by adding an entry in ''/etc/grub.d/40_custom'':

{{{
# assuming an ext2 boot partition on (hd0,5) -- compare to your other GRUB2 entries
menuentry "m4 firmware update" {
  insmod ext2
  linux16 (hd0,5)/isos/m4memdisk floppy raw
  initrd16 (hd0,5)/isos/boot2880.img
}

}}}

Afterwards run {{{update-grub}}} to apply the changes. Reboot and select the created boot entry, then follow the firmware update menu. After completion, restart the computer.

There are some articles for specific SSD models:

 * [[https://www.lieberbiber.de/2019/01/16/micron-ssd-1100-firmware-update/|Micron 1100 Series]]

Updating firmware for other models is [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Solid_state_drive#Firmware|documented]] on the Arch Linux SSD wiki page.

== SSD related bug reports ==

This is a list of SSD related bug reports. It is probably better to come up with a user tag to use instead of listing them all here.

 * DebianBug:600523
 * DebianBug:603735
 * DebianBug:648868
 * DebianBug:683698
 * DebianBug:717313
 * DebianBug:790520
 * DebianBug:889668

Translation(s): none


This page is about optimal set up of an SSD (Solid State Drive). This page should be kept clean enough for beginners to get the most basic idea.

WARNING

Some firmware versions on some SSD models have bugs that result in data corruption when used in certain ways. For this reason the Linux ata driver maintains a "blacklist" of certain things it shouldn't do on certain drive/firmware combinations. This list is in the linux source at drivers/ata/libata-core.c. If you have a blacklisted controller/drive combination, you are at risk until a newer kernel avoids the problem.

In particular, many drives, including Samsung, Micron, Crucial have problems with discard/TRIM. Also see 790520

Make sure you review the latest version of that file for your model, and if present then make sure it's also in the version of the kernel you intend to run or find some other way to avoid the problems (like not using discard/TRIM, or a particular firmware version).

Basics

  • Use a reasonably recent Linux (kernel) -- at least version 3.2.
    • SSD caching is only supported on Linux 3.9 or newer.
  • Use the latest firmware for the SSD
    • Use a command like: "sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda" to check for issues.

    • Update firmware as needed.
  • Use the ext4 filesytem (the most mature filesystem) unless you have reason not to.
    • The btrfs filesytem is still in experimental state as of Linux (kernel) 3.11 but supports additional mount options like "ssd".
  • Have enough DRAM required to operate without swap space under normal workloads.
    • You need a swap partition that is larger than your DRAM to save all the DRAM content securely for hibernation.
    • If your SSD size is too small for your DRAM size, think about placing your swap on the larger classic HDD.
    • If you are planning on doing a huge amount of writes (more than 40-50 GB per day), it is advised to avoid SSDs that use TLC NAND.

These may also help:

Partitions and Alignment

You should consider to use the Multi HDD/SSD Partition Scheme to keep variable and bulk data on the HDD(s) and establish a fallback redundancy, if the system also has a HDD available (internal or external spinning disk).

Since Wheezy, all tools should automatically align filesystems and partitions to the 4096 byte page size. This is one of the most important optimization aspects. Here are good links for this subject:

Mounting SSD filesystems

The performance of SSDs is also influenced by filesystem mounting options:

  • Add the "noatime" (or "relatime") mount option in /etc/fstab, to disable (or significantly reduce) disk writes whenever a file is read. Please note that since Linux (kernel) 2.6.30, "relatime" is the default.
    • This improves filesystem read performance for both SSDs and HDDs.
  • First read the WARNING at the top of this page. If desirable, enable the "discard" filesystem options for automatic online TRIM.

sudo cp /usr/share/doc/util-linux/examples/fstrim.{service,timer} /etc/systemd/system # <-- this line is not needed on buster
sudo systemctl enable fstrim.timer
sudo systemctl start fstrim.timer
  • Alternatively, and often not recommended: Set "discard" mount option in /etc/fstab for the ext4 filesystem, swap partition, Btrfs, etc. See mount(8).
  • The "discard" options is not needed if your SSD has enough overprovisioning (spare space) or you leave (unpartitioned) free space on the SSD.

  • The "discard" options with on-disk-cryptography (like dm-crypt) have drawbacks with security/cryptography.

Example for dm-crypt's /etc/crypttab:

#<target name>    <source device>            <key file>  <options>
var  UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef  none  luks,discard

After changing filesystem options, update settings in all initramfs images:

$ sudo update-initramfs -u -k all

(!) Alternative to setting the "discard" options is to set up an offline-trim cronjob that runs time fstrim -v  on the ssd mountpoints periodically (but the WARNING at the top of the page is relevant here too). For older versions software raid (md device layer) that lack trim support, you could use something like mdtrim (https://github.com/Cyberax/mdtrim/).

(!) Alternative to LVM's "issue_discards" is to blkdiscard on the LV before lvremove, or afterwards on a temporarily created LV with lvcreate -l100%FREE to trim all unused LVM space.

Reduction of SSD write frequency via RAMDISK

Use of RAMDISK can stop constantly changing files from hitting on the SSD (it may hit SSD via swap). RAMDISK configuration may be performed via

  • Set RAMTMP, RAMRUN and RAMLOCK to "yes" (in /etc/default/rcS or /etc/default/tmpfs since Wheezy). Of course, this will not improve writing to the SSD if your system (filesystem holding / or /tmp) is not located on it.

/!\ /etc/default/tmpfs is a sysvinit specific config file. If you are running systemd:

sudo cp /usr/share/systemd/tmp.mount /etc/systemd/system/
sudo systemctl enable tmp.mount
  • /etc/fstab: line such as "tmpfs /tmp tmpfs noatime,nosuid 0 0"
  • Optionally, make system only flush data to the disk every 10 minutes or more:
    • Kernel settings like the "dirty_buffer_ratio" etc. may only be available as non-path/mount specific global settings.
    • Mount option "commit=600" in /etc/fstab. See mount(8).
    • Or better, use pm-utils (Debian BTS #659260), tlp, or laptop-mode-tools (also optimizes read buffers) to configure the laptop-mode even under AC operation.

    /!\ Attention: Increasing the flushing interval from the default 5 seconds (maybe even until proper shutdown) leaves your data much more vulnerable in case of lock-ups or power failures, and seems to be a global setting.

Enabling RAMTMP may cause some (broken) applications to run out of temporary write disk space. In this case, setting TMPDIR environment variable for those programs pointing to a writable disk space should fix their situation. It might as well cause other unwanted side effects if the disk space occupied in your /tmp is high (e.g. unexpected swapping).

Please note files in /tmp are wiped out upon reboot unless /etc/default/rcS is set to something other than TMPTIME=0 (if not set, 0 is the default value).

Persistent RAMDISK

As an advanced option, you may consider to use persistent RAMDISK (dedicated read/write RAM buffer that gets synced periodically and on startup/shutdown) with anything-sync-daemon or goanysync set up:

  • /home (synced to work-data-fs raid only once a day?), you only risk settings the true work in /home/*/work-data is on a dedicated raid
  • /home/*/work-data/volatile (synced more frequently, once per hour?)
  • /home/*/Downloads (synced to bulk-data-fs once a day?)
  • /var completely if supported (syncing once a day? avoids spin-ups and allows to save /var also to SSD), at least set this up for
    • /var/log if supported
    • /var/cache/apt/archives
      • Configure apt to delete package files after installing, to minimize the data to sync.

Options to having logs copied into RAM:

If /home is not on a persistent ramdisk, use profile-sync-daemon to have the browser database and cache copied into RAM during uptime (http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1921800 https://github.com/graysky2/profile-sync-daemon)

  • /home/*/<browser-cache-and-profiles> (synced to root-fs or home-fs)

Further improvement: Patch anything-sync-daemon or goanysync to use a (copy-on-write) union filesystem mount (e.g. http://aufs.sourceforge.net) to keep changes in RAM and only save to SSD on unmount/shutdown (aubrsync), instead of copying all data to RAM and having to sync it all back.

Low-Latency IO-Scheduler

This step is not necessary for SSDs using the NVMe protocol instead of SATA, since NVMe uses the blk-mq module instead of the traditional I/O scheduler.

The default I/O scheduler queues data to minimize seeks on HDDs, which is not necessary for SSDs. Thus, use the "deadline" scheduler that just ensures bulk transactions won't slow down small transactions: Install sysfsutils and

  • echo "block/sdX/queue/scheduler = deadline" >> /etc/sysfs.conf

(adjust sdX to match your SSD) reboot or

  • echo deadline > /sys/block/sdX/queue/scheduler

In systems with different drive types you can adjust settings with a udev rule (create /etc/udev/rules.d/60-ssd-scheduler.rules):

# set deadline scheduler for non-rotating disks
ACTION=="add|change", KERNEL=="sd[a-z]", ATTR{queue/rotational}=="0", ATTR{queue/scheduler}="deadline"

To check if the kernel knows about SSDs try:

  # for f in /sys/block/sd?/queue/rotational; do printf "$f is "; cat $f; done
/sys/block/sda/queue/rotational is 1
/sys/block/sdb/queue/rotational is 1
/sys/block/sdc/queue/rotational is 0   <=== Only this is SSD!

  $ grep . /sys/block/sd?/queue/rotational
/sys/block/sda/queue/rotational:1
/sys/block/sdb/queue/rotational:1
/sys/block/sdc/queue/rotational:0   <=== Only this is SSD!

To switch scheduler manually issue:

# echo deadline > /sys/block/$YOURDRIVE/queue/scheduler

To see results:

# for f in /sys/block/sd?/queue/scheduler; do printf "$f is "; cat $f; done
/sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler is noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler is noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdc/queue/scheduler is noop [deadline] cfq  <== That is!

$ grep . /sys/block/sd?/queue/scheduler
/sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler:noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler:noop deadline [cfq]
/sys/block/sdc/queue/scheduler:noop [deadline] cfq  <== That is!

The dumb "noop" scheduler may be a little faster in benchmarks that max out the throughput, but this scheduler causes noticeable delays for other tasks while large file transfers are in progress.

/etc/fstab example

Here is an example of /etc/fstab (read WARNING at top about discard before copying from this example)

# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'vol_id --uuid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
### SSD: discard,noatime
### match battery operation default for commit JOURNAL_COMMIT_TIME_AC in Add files in /etc/pm/config.d/*
/dev/mapper/goofy-root /               ext4    discard,noatime,commit=600,errors=remount-ro 0       1
# /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=709cbe4a-80c1-46cb-8bb1-dbce3059d1f7 /boot           ext4    discard,noatime,commit=600,defaults        0       2
### SSD: discard
/dev/mapper/goofy-swap none            swap    sw,discard              0       0
/dev/mapper/goofy-chroot /srv/chroot         btrfs    ssd,discard,noatime 0       2
/dev/scd0       /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto     0       0

/etc/lvm/lvm.conf example

(read WARNING at top about discard before copying from this example)

You do not need this setting for filesystem discard; it is for LVM to discard on lvremove etc. If you prefer to do this manually, use blkdiscard on to-be-removed LV.

...
# This section allows you to configure which block devices should
# be used by the LVM system.
devices {
...
    # Issue discards to a logical volumes's underlying physical volume(s) when
    # the logical volume is no longer using the physical volumes' space (e.g.
    # lvremove, lvreduce, etc).  Discards inform the storage that a region is
    # no longer in use.  Storage that supports discards advertise the protocol
    # specific way discards should be issued by the kernel (TRIM, UNMAP, or
    # WRITE SAME with UNMAP bit set).  Not all storage will support or benefit
    # from discards but SSDs and thinly provisioned LUNs generally do.  If set
    # to 1, discards will only be issued if both the storage and kernel provide
    # support.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    #issue_discards = 0
    issue_discards = 1
}
...

Smaller system with SSD

See

Adding vm.swappiness in sysctl for the kernel

As per http://evolvisforge.blog.tarent.de/archives/68 which has come on p.d.o. as well as on 29/07/2013 the following needs to be added in /etc/sysctl.conf.d/ for better longevity of the disc:

# /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf

#vm.swappiness=0
vm.swappiness=1

Setting vm.swappiness=0 is more aggressive but may cause out-of-memory events. http://java.dzone.com/articles/OOM-relation-to-swappiness

Note: together with other settings vm.swappiness =may be a considerable enhancement to I/O performance; worth reading: http://rudd-o.com/linux-and-free-software/tales-from-responsivenessland-why-linux-feels-slow-and-how-to-fix-that

reduce swapping activities with ZRam

Using ZRam (aka compcache) it is possible to use data compression on the contents of the system memory (RAM). This effectively trades in some CPU cycles for the ability to stuff a lot more into the available system memory and thereby reduces the need for swapping out memory pages to the SSD. It uses specialised high speed data compression algorithms that are especially light on the CPU and yet are said to give typically about 1:3 compression on this type of content. Because compressing is typically faster than writing to swap devices it also brings performance improvements to systems without excessive amounts of physical memory. It is available on the kernel Linux since version 3.2. See the respective article on how to activate it.

Upgrading the Firmware

(read WARNING at top before making firmware changes)

Some problems might occur due to firmware bugs. Therefore, use tools like smartctl (terminal) or GSmartControl (GUI) to check for warnings to update the firmware. Normally the manufacturer provides these proprietary firmware images packed within update tools, available as bootable CD ISO images.

In case they used FreeDOS started by syslinux, instead of booting from CD, you can extract the (floppy) image inside the ISO and create a new entry in your GRUB2 boot menu.

For the Crucial m4 firmware update, the syslinux.cfg looks like this:

LABEL default
        KERNEL memdisk
        append initrd=boot2880.img floppy raw

Copying the files memdisk and boot2880.img to the boot partition allows them to be started from GRUB2, by adding an entry in /etc/grub.d/40_custom:

# assuming an ext2 boot partition on (hd0,5) -- compare to your other GRUB2 entries
menuentry "m4 firmware update" {
  insmod ext2
  linux16 (hd0,5)/isos/m4memdisk floppy raw
  initrd16 (hd0,5)/isos/boot2880.img
}

Afterwards run update-grub to apply the changes. Reboot and select the created boot entry, then follow the firmware update menu. After completion, restart the computer.

There are some articles for specific SSD models:

Updating firmware for other models is documented on the Arch Linux SSD wiki page.

This is a list of SSD related bug reports. It is probably better to come up with a user tag to use instead of listing them all here.