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[[FileSystem]] > FilesystemHierarchyStandard
||<tablestyle="width: 100%;" style="border: 0px hidden">~-[[DebianWiki/EditorGuide#translation|Translation(s)]]: English - [[it/FilesystemHierarchyStandard|Italiano]] - [[es/FilesystemHierarchyStandard|Castellano]] - [[uk/FilesystemHierarchyStandard|Українська]]-~||
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''The '''Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''' (FHS) defines the main directories and their contents in Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems.''
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== Overview == = File System Hierarchy Standard =
The '''[[WikiPedia:Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard|Filesystem Hierarchy Standard]]''' (FHS) defines the directory structure and directory contents in Linux distributions.
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The process of developing a standard [[FileSystem]] hierarchy began in August 1993 with an effort to restructure the file and directory structure of [[Linux]]. The FSSTND ('''F'''ile'''s'''ystem '''St'''a'''nd'''ard), a filesystem hierarchy standard specific to the Linux operating system, was released on February 14, 1994. Subsequent revisions were released on October 9, 1994 and March 28, 1995. == Directory structure in Debian ==
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In early 1996, the goal of developing a more comprehensive version of FSSTND to address not only Linux, but other Unix-like systems was adopted with the help of members of the BSD development community. As a result, a concerted effort was made to focus on issues that were general to Unix-like systems. In recognition of this widening of scope, the name of the standard was changed to Filesystem Hierarchy Standard or FHS for short. In addition to the directory structure described in the FHS, the following directories can be found on Debian systems:
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The FHS is maintained by the Free Standards Group, a non-profit organization consisting of major software and hardware vendors, such as HP, IBM and Dell. Still, the vast majority of the Linux distributions, including those developed by members of the Free Standards Group, do not follow this proposed standard. In particular, paths specifically created by the FHS editors, such as /media/ and /srv/, do not see widespread usage. Some Unix and Linux systems break with the FHS in favor of a different approach, as in Gobo Linux.

== Directory structure ==

All files and directories appear under the [[root_directory]] "/", even if stored on different physical devices.

A description of the hierarchy specified in the FHS

## THIS SECTION SHOULD BE REWRITTEN TO EMPHASIZE ON DEBIAN CONSIDERATIONS

<<Anchor(bin)>>
 /bin/ :: Essential command executable ('''bin'''aries) for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp) <<BR>> (especially files required to boot or rescue the system)

<<Anchor(boot)>>
'''/[[FilesystemHierarchyStandard/Directory/boot|boot]]/'''
 :: [[BootLoader|Boot loader]], [[Kernel|kernels]] and [[Initrd|initrd]] files

<<Anchor(dev)>>
 /dev/ :: '''dev'''ices files (e.g., :/dev/null)

<<Anchor(etc)>>
 /etc/ :: Host-specific system-wide configuration files (from '''et c'''etera)

<<Anchor(home)>>
 /home/ :: Users' '''home''' directories

<<Anchor(lib)>>
 /lib/ :: '''Lib'''raries essential for the binaries in /bin/ and /sbin/ <<BR>> (library required to boot or rescue the system)

<<Anchor(lost+found)>>
 /lost+found/ :: Some files and fragment that were "recovered" during the previous {{{fsck}}} (Not part of FHS)

<<Anchor(mnt)>>
 /mnt/ :: Temporarily '''m'''ou'''nt'''ed filesystems

<<Anchor(media)>>
 /media/ :: Mount points for removable '''media''' such as CD-ROMs (appeared in FHS-2.3)

<<Anchor(opt)>>
 /opt/ :: Add-on application software packages <<BR>> Pre-compiled, non ".deb" binary distribution (tar'ed..) goes here.
 * /opt/bin/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /opt/include/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /opt/lib/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /opt/sbin/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /opt/share/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy

<<Anchor(proc)>>
 /proc/ :: Virtual filesystem documenting kernel and '''proc'''ess status, mostly text files (e.g., uptime, network)

<<Anchor(root)>>
 /root/ :: Home directory for the '''root''' user

<<Anchor(sbin)>>
 /sbin/ :: System administrative binaries (e.g., init, route, ifup) ('''s'''ystem '''bin'''aries) <<BR>> (files required to boot or rescue the system)

<<Anchor(tmp)>>
 /tmp/ :: '''T'''e'''mp'''orary files

<<Anchor(srv)>>
 /selinux/ :: SE-Linux runtime settings (Not part of FHS).

<<Anchor(srv)>>
 /srv/ :: Site-specific data which is '''s'''e'''rv'''ed by the system (Not part of FHS).

<<Anchor(sys)>>
 /sys/ :: '''The''' filesystem for exporting kernel objects.<<BR>> (many /proc/* files should have been here...)

<<Anchor(usr)>>
 /usr/ :: Secondary hierarchy for shareable, read-only data (formerly from '''U'''NIX '''s'''ource '''r'''epository, now from '''U'''NIX '''s'''ystem '''r'''esources) <<BR>> (files that are '''not'''-required to boot or rescue the system)

 * /usr/bin/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /usr/include/ : Standard '''include''' files
 * /usr/lib/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /usr/sbin/ : Same as for top-level hierarchy
 * /usr/share/ : Architecture-independent ('''share'''d) data
 * /usr/src/ : '''S'''ou'''rc'''e code (to build debian packages. see also /usr/local/src/)
 * /usr/X11R6/ : '''X''' Window System, Version '''11 R'''elease '''6'''
 * /usr/local/ : Tertiary hierarchy for '''local''' data installed by the system administrator
   * /usr/local/bin : locally compiled binaries, local shell script, etc.
   * /usr/local/src : '''S'''ou'''rc'''e code (place where to extract and build non debian'ized stuffs)

<<Anchor(var)>>
 /var/ :: '''Var'''iable data, such as logs, databases, websites, and temporary spool (e-mail..) files
 * {{{/lost+found/}}} : File fragments that were recovered during the previous {{{fsck}}}
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 * "The Directory Tree" overview (Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide [[http://www.debian.org/releases/etch/i386/apcs02.html|i386]], [[http://www.debian.org/releases/etch/amd64/apcs02.html|amd64]]..)
 * [[http://www.pathname.com/fhs/]] Home of the FHS standard
 * http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/fhs/ - FHS mirrored at Debian
 * https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/apcs02.en.html - Debian Directory tree overview
 * https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/fhs - The FHS Linux Foundation wiki page
 * http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml - FHS 3 Specification Series
 * http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/fhs/ - Debian mirror of the FHS
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 . CategoryLocalResourcesManagement
CategorySystemAdministration CategoryStorage

Translation(s): English - Italiano - Castellano - Українська


File System Hierarchy Standard

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the directory structure and directory contents in Linux distributions.

Directory structure in Debian

In addition to the directory structure described in the FHS, the following directories can be found on Debian systems:

  • /lost+found/ : File fragments that were recovered during the previous fsck


CategorySystemAdministration CategoryStorage