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* fstransform can convert between ext2, ext3, ext4, jfs, minix, reiserfs, xfs, in-place * ntfs2btrfs can convert NTFS to BTRFS |
* DebianPackage:fstransform can convert between ext2, ext3, ext4, jfs, minix, reiserfs, xfs, in-place * DebianMan:btrfs-convert can convert ext2, ext3, ext4, reiserfs (when rebuilt with DebianPackage:libreiserfscore-dev), ntfs (with DebianMan:ntfs2btrfs) to BTRFS * DebianMan:ntfs2btrfs can convert NTFS to BTRFS |
Translation(s): English - Français - Italiano - 简体中文
From Wikipedia:
In computing, a file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to fs), controls how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. A file system separates the data into pieces and gives each piece a name. Each group of data is called a "file".
There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more.
Files and directories themselves are placed on top of the file system, therefore it is common to refer to the file/directory structure itself as "file system". On GNU/Linux, the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard defines the naming scheme and hierarchy between files and directories themselves.
File systems usually sit on top of hard disk partitions or LVM volumes. In Debian, ext4 is the default file system for new installations.
GNU/Linux can be installed on any filesystem that supports some special constructs (file permissions, symbolic links and device files).
Many file systems are journaling, meaning they are able to prevent data loss on system crashes or power failures.
Contents
Mounting a filesystem
In GNU/Linux the contents of a filesystem can be made available under a directory, by mounting the filesystem over the directory. Here are some ways to mount a filesystem:
The mount command. For example mount /dev/sdd1 /mn/ would make contents of the first partition of the /dev/sdd disk device, available in the /mnt/ directory.
Editing the fstab file
Converting a filesystem
- ISO filesystems can be loopback mounted
fstransform can convert between ext2, ext3, ext4, jfs, minix, reiserfs, xfs, in-place
btrfs-convert can convert ext2, ext3, ext4, reiserfs (when rebuilt with libreiserfscore-dev), ntfs (with ntfs2btrfs) to BTRFS
ntfs2btrfs can convert NTFS to BTRFS
Filesystems available in Debian Linux kernel
Note0: Debian HURD and Debian kFreeBSD have other file systems.
Note1: the Features list are incomplete at this time.
Note2: This table is uptodate as of 2.6.28 kernel.
Filesystem name |
Features? |
Documentation(s) |
Description |
Distributions |
File systems often used as linux system partition |
|
|||
R |
(default filesystem in Debian) Fourth Extended Filesystem with extents |
>= Squeeze |
||
ext2 |
RS |
Second Extended Filesystem |
All? |
|
RS |
Second Extended Filesystem with journaling extensions |
All? |
||
R |
Fourth Extended Filesystem with extents |
Etch-n-Half ~ Lenny |
||
jfs |
R |
The Journaled Filesystem (JFS) |
All? |
|
xfs |
R |
SGI XFS Filesystem |
All? |
|
reiserfs |
R |
ReiserFS journaled filesystem |
All? |
|
Other File systems |
|
|||
9p |
|
Plan 9 9p remote filesystem protocol |
All? |
|
adfs |
|
Acorn (and Risc OS) Advanced Disc Filing System |
All? |
|
affs |
I |
Amiga filesystem support for Linux |
All? |
|
apfs |
I |
kernel module with apfs-dkms |
Apple filesystem support for Linux |
NEW |
kafs |
N |
AFS Client File System |
All? |
|
autofs4 |
|
Auto-mount filesystems. See autofs |
All? |
|
autofs |
|
Auto-mount filesystems. See autofs |
All? |
|
befs |
I |
BeOS File System (BeFS) driver |
All? |
|
bfs |
I |
SCO UnixWare BFS filesystem for Linux |
All? |
|
RS |
B-Tree filesystem |
>= Jessie |
||
cifs |
N I |
VFS to access servers complying with the SNIA CIFS Specification e.g. Samba and Windows |
All? |
|
coda |
|
Coda Distributed File System VFS interface |
All? |
|
configfs |
|
Simple RAM filesystem for user driven kernel subsystem configuration. |
All? |
|
cramfs |
|
cram a filesystem onto a small ROM |
All? |
|
dlm |
|
Distributed Lock Manager |
All? |
|
ecryptfs |
|
eCryptfs |
All? |
|
efs |
|
SGI EFS, Extent File System (Irix <0.6) |
All? |
|
fat |
I |
MS & DR DOS FAT filesystem |
All? |
|
freevxfs |
|
Veritas Filesystem (VxFS) driver |
All? |
|
fuse |
Filesystem in Userspace (backend for various filesystems) |
All? |
||
gfs2 |
N |
Global File System |
All? |
|
hfs |
I |
Macintosh HFS Filesystem |
All? |
|
hfsplus |
I |
HFSPlus / Extended Macintosh Filesystem |
All? |
|
hpfs |
I |
High Performance Filesys (OS/2's HPFS) |
All? |
|
isofs |
CD |
CD/DVD filesystem (ISO-9660 / ECMA-119) |
All? |
|
jbd2 |
|
|
Generic filesystem journal-writing code (for ext4) |
Squeeze |
jbd |
|
|
Generic filesystem journal-writing code (for ext2/ext3) |
All? |
jffs2 |
MTD |
The Journalling Flash File System, v2 |
All? |
|
minix |
|
|
Minix native filesystem. (was used in Linux before ExtFS!) |
All? |
msdos |
I |
MS-DOS filesystem support |
All? |
|
ncpfs |
|
Netware NCP network protocol |
All? |
|
N |
Networks Filesystem |
All? |
||
I |
NTFS 1.2/3.x driver - Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Anton Altaparmakov |
All? |
||
ocfs2 |
|
OCFS2 1.3.3 |
All? |
|
omfs |
|
OMFS (ReplayTV/Karma) Optimized MPEG Filesystem |
>= Squeeze |
|
qnx4 |
|
QNX (OS) Filesystem |
All? |
|
romfs |
|
ROM filesystem. See genromfs |
<= Etch |
|
sysv |
|
System V, V7 and Coherent and Xenix filesystems |
All? |
|
ubifs |
MTD |
UBIFS - UBI File System |
=> Squeeze |
|
udf |
CD |
Universal Disk Format Filesystem |
All? |
|
ufs |
|
Unix filesystem, used in BSDs, SunOS, Nextstep, Openstep... |
All? |
|
vfat |
I |
VFAT filesystem support |
All? |
|
|
The Z File System |
=> Stretch (DKMS) |
Features Legend :
Root: Suitable for system file system (like root and /usr...).
Interoperability: The filesystem is mostly implemented for Interoperability.
Distributed: file system.
Network Filesystem.
Sparsefile support
CD: Suitable for CD and/or DVD, etc.
MTD: Suitable for MTD devices.
Hints :
To list the FS types supported by your kernel, read its config file, run :
awk '/# File systems/,/# Partition Types/' /boot/config-$(uname -r)* | pager
- To list the FS modules available in your kernel :
find /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs/
To list the FS supported by your running kernel and currently loaded modules :cat /proc/filesystems
FUSE Filesystems
You can get the list of FS supported by through FUSE, by looking at the reverse dependencies on the package fuse-utils. At the time of writing :
Package name |
Description |
Distributions |
FUSE filesystem for APT source repositories |
All |
|
virtual filesystem to access archives, disk images, remote locations |
All |
|
implements a filesystem representing a live Beagle query |
Sid |
|
EncFS system tray applet for GNOME |
All |
|
filesystem to access FTP hosts based on FUSE and cURL |
All |
|
mount a WebDAV resource as a regular file system |
All |
|
encrypted virtual filesystem |
All |
|
virtual filesystem for flickr online photosharing service |
All |
|
user-space directory concatenation |
? |
|
filesystem to mount WebDAV shares |
All |
|
File System in User Space - Module for ext2 |
All |
|
File System in User Space - Module for FAT |
All |
|
FUSE module to mount ISO filesystem images |
All |
|
File System in User Space - Module for ISO9660 |
All |
|
filesystem client based on the SMB file transfer protocol |
All |
|
clustered file-system |
All |
|
Use your GMail account as a filesystem |
? |
|
filesystem to mount digital cameras |
All |
|
PAM module to automatically mount encfs filesystems on login |
All |
|
PAM module that can mount volumes for a user session |
All |
|
Fuse based remote filesystem for LTSP thin clients |
All |
|
file system for unifying several mount points into one |
All |
|
FUSE filesystem for Media Transfer Protocol devices |
All |
|
userspace filesystem client for MythTV |
All |
|
read/write NTFS driver for FUSE |
>= Wheezy |
|
ntfsprogs (depreciated) |
tools for doing neat things in NTFS partitions from Linux |
All |
mount filesystem of ObexFTP capable devices |
All |
|
Access EPOC device (Psion PDA) over a serial link |
All |
|
maps media files to an arbitrary directory structure |
All |
|
Read-Only Filesystem for FUSE |
All |
|
Full-featured file system for online data storage |
All |
|
filesystem client based on SSH File Transfer Protocol |
All |
|
View-OS in user space - ext2 module for UMFUSE |
All |
|
View-OS in user space - FAT module for UMFUSE |
All |
|
View-OS in user space - ISO9660 module for UMFUSE |
All |
|
Fuse implementation of unionfs |
All |
|
View and edit Wikipedia articles as if they were real files |
All |
|
implementation of Sun's ZFS filesystem in userspace |
>=Squeeze |
Special file systems
Some sample use cases for special file systems:
- aufs, unionfs
- can be used to mount two filesystems, the one one on top of the other. This is typically to mount a ramdisk on top of a (read-only!) cdrom... so it's virtually possible to "write" and modify the files. (of course, in this situation the data is lost on reboot)
- xmount
allows mounting .vmdk (VMware) and .vdi(VirtualBox) image.
See also
Documents in the /usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.26/Documentation/filesystems/ kernel module documentation (in package linux-doc-2.6 or above)
ToDo: Some modules provides 2 filesystems (for mount -t). e.g loading sysv provides sysv and v7 in /proc/filesystems.
CategorySystemAdministration CategoryStorage
FUSE doesn't provide any filesystem it-self. see 'apt-cache rdepends fuse-utils' (1)