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← Revision 82 as of 2020-03-16 13:23:41 ⇥
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| == Disc Usage or Occupied Space == To determine the degree of usage of discs and partitions, but not directories, see [[DiskFull]] . Much of the content in this article is redundant in theme or content with [[ReduceDebian]]. == Tools to see which directories are using the most disc space == {{{baobab}}} in package DebianPkg:gnome-utils Command line program {{{du}}} of package DebianPkg:coreutils |
This page talks about ways to find out how much of the system storage space is used and to free up some of it. For a description on how to reduce the footprint of a Debian installation see [[ReduceDebian]]. <<TableOfContents(2)>> = See partitions and discs usage = First of all, to see the existing partitions, use: {{{ sfdisk -l }}} Then to check which partitions are getting full use: {{{ $ df -lhT }}} or {{{ $ df --local --human-readable -T Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 ext4 100M 77M 33M 77% / ... }}} == Full partitions = If a partition becomes full the system might not work properly. When your Home directory becomes full, you will not be able to save any file, and some applications might refuse to start correctly. When your temporary directory ({{{/tmp}}}) becomes full, many applications will fail with error messages such as: {{{ cannot create temp file for document: No space left on device }}} = See which directories are using the most disc space = There are several tools to see which directories are using the most disc space on a Debian system, like {{{baobab}}} in package DebianPkg:gnome-utils or the command line program {{{du}}} in the package DebianPkg:coreutils that can be used like this: |
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| == Command line tools to see seldom used files == These function only if file systems are usually mounted with option {{{strictatime}}}. * DebianPkg:agedu * DebianPkg:findutils : {{{/usr/bin/find}}} === /usr/bin/find === The following options are of special interest * {{{-mtime}}} * {{{-atime}}} (if your system has atime enabled, which is not default in Linux) * {{{-size}}} == See which packages are using the most disc space == === Command line === |
= See which packages are using the most disc space = == Command line == |
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| === Remove some cruft === | == Remove some cruft == |
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| === Graphical Interface === | == Graphical Interface == |
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| == Find things to erase == === Categorically Expendable Directories === ==== Temporary ==== |
= Find things to erase = == Categorically Expendable Directories == === Temporary === |
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| ==== Logs ==== | === Logs === |
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| ==== Cache ==== | === Cache === |
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| ==== Spool ==== | === Spool === |
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| === Duplicate Handling === | == Command line tools to see seldom used files == These function only if file systems are usually mounted with option {{{strictatime}}}. * DebianPkg:agedu * DebianPkg:findutils : {{{/usr/bin/find}}} === /usr/bin/find === The following options are of special interest * {{{-mtime}}} * {{{-atime}}} (if your system has atime enabled, which is not default in Linux) * {{{-size}}} == Duplicate Handling == |
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| ==== Finders ==== | === Finders === |
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| === files you do not want === | == Files you do not want == |
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=== packages you do not want === |
=== Packages you do not want == |
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| == Tools to alter files to reduce them == | = Tools to alter files to reduce them = |
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| === Convert spaces to tabs === | == Convert spaces to tabs == |
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| == Reduce data creation == | = Reduce data creation = |
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| == File Systems == | = File Systems = |
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| === Application Level / User Space === | == Application Level / User Space == |
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| === In Linux === | == In Linux == |
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| ==== No high confidence of high reliability ==== | === No high confidence of high reliability === |
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| ==== Turn Off Reserved Blocks on ExtFS ==== | === Turn Off Reserved Blocks on ExtFS === |
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| == Off Line Storage == | = Off Line Storage = |
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| == File Compression == | = File Compression = |
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| == Wish list == | = Wish list = |
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| = See Also = * [[Partition]] * DiskPartitioning * ReduceDebian - Reducing the size of the Debian Installation Footprint |
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| CategorySystemAdministration | CategoryStorage | CategoryRedundant: see comment in the second paragraph | CategorySystemAdministration | CategoryStorage |
Translation(s): Deutsch - English - Italiano
Freeing Disc Space
This page talks about ways to find out how much of the system storage space is used and to free up some of it.
For a description on how to reduce the footprint of a Debian installation see ReduceDebian.
Contents
See partitions and discs usage
First of all, to see the existing partitions, use:
sfdisk -l
Then to check which partitions are getting full use:
$ df -lhT
- or
$ df --local --human-readable -T Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 ext4 100M 77M 33M 77% / ...
== Full partitions =
If a partition becomes full the system might not work properly.
When your Home directory becomes full, you will not be able to save any file, and some applications might refuse to start correctly.
When your temporary directory (/tmp) becomes full, many applications will fail with error messages such as:
cannot create temp file for document: No space left on device
See which directories are using the most disc space
There are several tools to see which directories are using the most disc space on a Debian system, like baobab in package gnome-utils or the command line program du in the package coreutils that can be used like this:
/usr/bin/du --total --summarize --human-readable --one-file-system
See also ncdu.
Ncdu is a ncurses-based du viewer. It provides a fast and easy to use interface and allows to browse through directories, to show percentages of disk usage and to delete unwanted files.
See which packages are using the most disc space
Command line
- kernel packages are large; older versions are not removed automatically for your safety.
To list packages that take up most of the disc space with aptitude into visual mode, select Views → New Flat Package List (this menu entry is available only after etch version), press l and enter ~i, press S and enter ~installsize, then it will give you nice list to work with. Doing this after upgrading aptitude should give you access to this new feature.
In lenny, aptitude has "why" and "why-not".
aptitude why package1
shows why package1 may have been installed.
aptitude why package1 package2
tries to work out why installing package1 would drag in package2.
"why-not" looks at conflicts.
These commands only provide one possible explanation. Check /var/log/aptitude for definitive information.
Using aptitude to list uninstalled recommended or suggested packages:
aptitude search '~RBsuggests:~i!~i'
To list upgradeable packages:
aptitude search '~U'
To list manually installed packages:
aptitude search '~i!~M'
To install without recommends but not uninstalling other recommends:
aptitude install -R -o Aptitude::Keep-Recommends=true
To list packages in increasing order of size:
aptitude -F '%I %p' search '~i'|egrep '^[0-9]+[\.,]?[0-9]* [MG]B'|sort -n
Remove some cruft
Purge obsolete configuration files:
aptitude purge ~c
Take a look at the Debian Cleanup Tips at http://raphaelhertzog.com/mastering-debian/.
Using dpigs (debian-goodies):
dpigs -n50
Using wajig :
wajig size
Sort installed packages by size:
dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n
Graphical Interface
synaptic, go to installed packages and click on the size column.
Find things to erase
Categorically Expendable Directories
Temporary
/tmp /var/tmp
Contents of these directories are only intended to be used in the short term or while a program is running and are generally expendable.
Logs
/var/log
Cache
packages in /var/cache/apt/archives usually eats some space. As root or using sudo, you can get rid of them with:
apt-get clean
or
aptitude clean
Use apt-get autoclean if you want to remove old packages for which you also have the last package.
Spool
Things in
/var/spool
are intended to be processed but may be expendable.
Command line tools to see seldom used files
These function only if file systems are usually mounted with option strictatime.
/usr/bin/find
The following options are of special interest
-mtime
-atime (if your system has atime enabled, which is not default in Linux)
-size
Duplicate Handling
When you find duplicates, you can hard link them, if they are on the same file system, or remove duplicates to make them unique.
Finders
duff Can compare full file contents, but not default.
fdupes Can remove. Does compare full file contents.
fslint also does other maintenance and size reduction tasks.
hardlink Can convert from duplicates to hard links.
rdfind Can hard link or remove. Does not compare full file contents. Warning: uses MD5 by default to compare. May produce false matches. Can specify SHA1 instead.
Files you do not want
=== Packages you do not want ==
deborphan The textual user interface is provided by the program orphaner.
gtkorphan GUI for deborphan
popularity-contest Requires file system option strictatime, local e-mail server. run popularity-contest | sort > popcon
Tools to alter files to reduce them
Stripping dbus-daemon exposes a bug in BFD. Executing in find /usr/bin -not -name strip -and -not -name dbus-daemon -execdir strip --strip-unneeded '{}' \; reduced the size of contents of the directory in a Squeeze installation from 140MB to 120MB.
Do not compress bash or your scripts will crash. Compressed executables may require more memory when run.
Convert spaces to tabs
Can reduce the file size of text files, though the difference is usually slight. For this example you need the commands find of findutils; unexpand of coreutils; and rewrite, which is at http://oss.ezic.com but not packaged.
find -type f -writable -name '*.txt' -exec rewrite '{}' 'unexpand --all' \;
Reduce data creation
Use the following line as your /etc/rsyslog.conf configuration file in order to not save logs but output them on virtual terminal 12:
*.* -/dev/tty12
Output to what would be files can be caused to go to /dev/null in some cases where a symlink does not work as in this example redirecting output from .xsession-errors: mknod .xsession-errors c 1 3
On systems that have been running for some time you might consider removing or compressing old log files. logrotate can assist
File Systems
ReiserFS can pack multiple small files and the ends of larger files into shared blocks, which saves space.
For file systems have blocks and which do not put parts of more than 1 file in a block, such as Ext4FS: using a different block size for the file system may save space depending on the size of the files stored on the file system. A block size of 1KB reduces space useage compared to 4KB for a Debian installation.
The following file systems provide compression.
Application Level / User Space
- GVFS Zip format archives can be mounted by GVFS.
fuse-utils There are many file systems which offer compression and operate through FUSE.
In Linux
- squashfs read-only
No high confidence of high reliability
These file systems might not be reliable enough to store critical data.
- Reiser4FS
- BTrFS
Turn Off Reserved Blocks on ExtFS
By default, ExtFS reserves 5% of the file system for the user 'root' as a safety measure. To turn this off:
tune2fs -r 0 /dev/sda2
This can be done on a mounted filesystem.
Off Line Storage
You may move data to off line storage, such as removable optical discs or discs on an external data bus (such as Firewire or USB).
If you have a read-only source like a write once optical disc, an overlaid unifying file system like aufs or Linux's "union mount" can save changes in a writeable filesystem, saving the user the space of the unchanged portions. The same could be accomplished with a snapshotted filesystem as with Linux Volume Manager (lvm2).
File Compression
The following packages provide programs which losslessly compress data and can operate by a pipe or on files.
External article on parallel compressors
Wish list
lossy compressions.
using Quota as usrquota groupquota waringquota in quota
See Also
ReduceDebian - Reducing the size of the Debian Installation Footprint