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Some web sites refuse to be connected based on the user-agent string of your browser. You can work around this situation by [http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs spoofing the user-agent string] by adding "{{{user_pref{"general.useragent.override","Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 4.0)"};}}}" into user configuration files such as {{{~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js}}} or {{{~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js}}}. (This may cause [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376 bad side effects on some Java usage].) Some web sites refuse to be connected based on the user-agent string of your browser. You can work around this situation by [http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs spoofing the user-agent string] by adding:
{{{
user_pref{"general.useragent.override","Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 4.0)"};
}}}
into user configuration files such as {{{~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js}}} or {{{~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js}}}. (This may cause [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376 bad side effects with some Java].)

Do not use Edit(GUI) button.

?TableOfContents(4)

Copyright 2007, 2008 Osamu Aoki GPL, (Please agree to GPL, GPL2, and any version of GPL which is compatible with DSFG if you update any part of wiki page)

I welcome your contributions to update the wiki pages. You must follow these rules:

  • Do not use Edit(GUI) button of MoinMoin.

  • You can update anytime for:
    • grammar errors
    • spelling errors
    • moved URL location
    • package name transition adjustment (emacs23 etc.)
    • clearly broken script.
  • Before updating real contents:

The X window system

The X window system on the Debian system is based on the source from [http://www.x.org/ X.Org]. As of March 2008, they are ?X11R7.1(etch), ?X11R7.2(lenny) and ?X11R7.3(sid).

Key packages

There are a few (meta)packages provided to ease installation.

List of key (meta)packages for X window.

1

2

3

(meta)package

popcon

size

description

xorg

-

-

This metapackage provides the X libraries, an X server, a set of fonts, and a group of basic X clients and utilities.

xserver-xorg

-

-

This package provides the full suits of the X server and its configuration.

xbase-clients

-

-

This package provides a miscellaneous assortment of the X clients.

x11-common

-

-

This package contains the filesystem infrastructure for the X window system.

For the basics of X, refer to X(7), [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-User-HOWTO.html the LDP XWindow-User-HOWTO].

Setting up Desktop environment

You can setup KDE, GNOME, or Xfce environment from the aptitude under the task menu.

See [http://www.xwinman.org Window Managers for X] for the guide of the window managers and the desktop environments for the X window system.

The server/client relationship

The X window system is activated as a combination of the server and client programs. The meaning for the words server and client with respect to the words local and remote requires attention here:

List of server/client terminology.

type

description

X server

a program run on a local host connected to the user's display and input devices.

X client

a program run on a remote host that processes data and talks to the X server.

application server

a program run on a remote host that processes data and talks to the clients.

application client

a program run on a local host connected to the user's display and input devices.

The X server

See xorg(1) for X server information.

The (re)configuration of the X server

To (re)configure an X server,

# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low x11-common
# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low xserver-xorg

will generate a new /etc/X11/xorg.conf file using dexconf(1).

If you have manually edited this /etc/X11/xorg.conf file but would like it to be automatically updated again, run the following command:

# sudo dpkg-reconfigure -phigh xserver-xorg                               

Please check your X configuration with respect to the specification of your monitor carefully. For the large high resolution CRT monitor, it is a good idea to set the refresh rate as high as your monitor can handle (85 Hz is great, 75 Hz is OK) to reduce flicker. For the LCD monitor, slower standard refresh rate (60Hz) is usually fine due to its slow response.

(!) Be careful not to use too high refresh rate which may cause fatal hardware failure of your monitor system.

The fonts in the X window

The defoma package, which stands for "DEbian FOnt MAnager", provides a framework for automatic font configuration including X.

The aptitude will help you find required font easily

  • by the short package list under "Packages which depend on defoma" under the defoma package list,

  • by the short package list under "Tasks" -> "Localization",

  • by the filtered flat package list of font data with regex on debtag: "~Gmade-of::data:font",

  • by the filtered flat package list of the BDF (bitmap) font packages with regex on package name: "~nxfonts-", or

  • by the filtered flat package list of the TrueType (outline) font packages with regex on package name: "~nttf-".

The standard xfs in the X server works fine with TrueType fonts.

Since Free fonts are sometimes limited, installing or sharing some commercial TrueType fonts is an option for a Debian users. In order to make this process easy for the user, some convenience packages have been created:

  • ttf-commercial

  • msttcorefonts

You'll have a really good selection of TrueType fonts at the expense of contaminating your Free system with non-Free fonts.

All these font packages in Debian should work without any efforts and appear available to all X programs that use the regular "core" font system. This includes things like Xterm, Emacs, and most other non-KDE and non-GNOME applications.

The connection methods to the X server

There are several ways of getting the "X server" (display side) to accept connections from an "X client" (application side):

List of connection methods to the X server.

2

3

4

method

package

popcon

size

user

encryption

pertinent use

xhost command

xbase-clients

25829

-

unchecked

no

deprecated

xauth command

xbase-clients

25829

-

checked

no

for local connection via pipe

ssh -X command

openssh-client

29037

-

checked

yes

for remote network connection

Gnome display manager

gdm

17331

-

checked

no(XDMCP)

for local connection via pipe

KDE display manager

kdm

5781

-

checked

no(XDMCP)

for local connection via pipe

X display manager

xdm

645

-

checked

no(XDMCP)

for local connection via pipe

?WindowMaker display manager

wdm

253

-

checked

no(XDMCP)

for local connection via pipe

Secure display manager

sdm

25

-

checked

yes

for remote SSH network connection (thin client)

Linux Terminal Server Project display manager

ldm

3

-

checked

yes

for remote SSH network connection (thin client)

/!\ Do not use remote TCP/IP connection over unsecured network unless you have very good reason. A remote TCP/IP socket connection without encryption is prone to the eavesdropping attack and is disabled by default on the Debian system. Use ssh -X.

{i} You can dare to enable remote TCP/IP connection by setting DisallowTCP=false in /etc/gdm/gdm.conf and by removing -nolisten from lines found by "find /etc/X11 -type f -print0 | xargs -0 grep nolisten", if you are in the fully secured environment.

/!\ Do not use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager XDMCP connection over unsecured network] either. It sends data via UDP without encryption and prone to the eavesdropping attack.

Starting the X window system

The X Window system is usually started as an X session which is the combination of an X server and connecting X clients. For normal desktop system, both of them are executed on the workstation.

To start the X Window system,

  • startx command started from the command line, or

  • one of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager X display manager] daemon programs *dm started from the end of the start up script in /etc/rc?.d/ directory (? corresponding to the runlevel)

are used to start the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_session_manager X session]. (The start up script for the display manager daemons checks the content of the /etc/X11/default-display-manager file before actually executing themselves.)

{i} See @{@specificlocaleonlyunderxwindow@}@ for initial environment variables of the X display manager.

Essentially, all these programs execute the /etc/X11/Xsession script. Then the /etc/X11/Xsession script performs run-parts like action to execute scripts in the /etc/X11/Xsession.d/ directory. This is essentially an execution of a program which was first found in the following order with the exec command:

  1. The script specified as the argument of /etc/X11/Xsession by the X display manager, if it is defined.

  2. The ~/.xsession or ~/.Xsession script, if it is defined.

  3. The /usr/bin/x-session-manager command, if it is defined.

  4. The /usr/bin/x-window-manager command, if it is defined.

  5. The /usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator command, if it is defined.

This process is affected by the content of the /etc/X11/Xsession.options file. The exact programs to which these usr/bin/x-* commands point, are determined by the Debian alternative system and changed by update-alternatives --config x-session-manager etc.

Starting X session with gdm

The gdm program lets you select the session type and language (or locale) of the X session from its menu. It keeps the selected default value in ~/.dmrc as, e.g.:

[Desktop]
Session=default
Language=ja_JP.UTF-8

Customizing the X session (classic method)

On a system where /etc/X11/Xsession.options contains a line allow-user-xsession without preceding # characters, any user who defines ~/.xsession or ~/.Xsession will be able to customize the action of /etc/X11/Xsession by completely overiding the system code. The last command in the ~/.xsession file should use form of exec some-window/session-manager to start your favorite X window/session manpage.

Customizing the X session (new method)

Here are new methods to customize the X session without completely overiding the system code as above.

  • The display manager gdm can select a specific session and set it as the argument of /etc/X11/Xsession.

  • The ~/.xsessionrc file is executed as a part of start up process. (Desktop independent)

  • The ~/.gnomerc file is executed as a part of start up process. (Gnome Desktop only)

  • The GUI program based session management software can use the ~/.gnome2/session file etc..

Connecting a remote X client via SSH

The use of ssh -X enables a secure connection from a local X server to a remote application server.

  • Set X11Forwarding entries to yes in /etc/ssh/sshd_config of the remote host, if you want to avoid -X command-line option.

  • Start the X server on the local host.
  • Open an xterm in the local host.

  • Run ssh to establish a connection with the remote site.

    localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain
    Password:
    .....
  • Run an X application command, e.g. gimp, on the remote site.

    loginname @ remotehost $ gimp &

This method allows the display of the remote X client output as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.

Secure X terminal via Internet

Secure X terminal via Internet, which displays remotely run entire X desktop environment, can easily achieved by using specialized package such as sdm and ldm. Your local machine becomes a secure thin client to the remote application server connected via SSH.

If you want to add similar feature to your normal display manager gdm, create executable shell script at /usr/local/bin/ssh-session as:

# Based on gdm-ssh-session in gdm source (GPL)
ZENITY=$(type -p zenity)
TARGETHOST=$($ZENITY --width=600 \
--title "Host to connect to" --entry \
--text "Enter the name of the host you want to log in to as user@host.dom:")
TARGETSESSION=$($ZENITY --width=600 --height=400 \
--title "Remote session name" --list --radiolist --text "Select one" \
--column " " --column "Session" --column "description" --print-column 2 \
TRUE "/etc/X11/Xsession" "Debian" \
FALSE "/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients" "RH variants" \
FALSE "gnome-session" "Gnome session" \
FALSE "xterm" "Safe choice" \
FALSE "rxvt" "Safe choice" \
FALSE "gnome-terminal" "Safe choice")
echo "Connecting to "$TARGETHOST" with $TARGETSESSION"
/usr/bin/ssh -A -X -T -n "$TARGETHOST" "$TARGETSESSION"
#SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/bin/ssh-askpass /usr/bin/ssh -A -X -T -n "$TARGETHOST" "$TARGETSESSION"

Then add followings to /etc/dm/Sessions/ssh.desktop:

[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=SSH
Comment=This session logs you into a remote host using ssh
Exec=/usr/local/bin/ssh-session
Type=Application

The X trivia

Keymaps and pointer button mappings in X

The xmodmap(1) program is a utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in the X window system. To get the keycode, run the xev program in the X and press keys. To get the meaning of keysym, look into the MACRO definition in /usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h file. All #define statements in this file are named as XK_ prepended to keysym names.

The classic X clients

Most traditional X client programs, such as xterm, can be started with a set of standard command line options to specify geometry, font, and display.

They also use the X resource database to configure their appearance. The system-wide defaults of X resources are stored in /etc/X11/Xresources/* and application defaults of them are stored in /etc/X11/app-defaults/*. Use these settings as the starting points.

The file ~/.Xresources is used to store user resource specifications. This file is automatically merged into the default X resources upon login. To make changes to these settings and make them effective immediately, merge them into the database using the command:

$ xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources

See x(7) and xrdb(1).

The X terminal emulator -- xterm

Learn everything about xterm at [http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html].

Getting root in X

Never attempt to start an X server directly from the root account in order to avoid possible security risks.

The easiest way to run the X client with the root account is to use sudo, e.g. for xterm:

$ sudo xterm &

or

$ sudo -s
# xterm &

<!> In order for the X client to connect to the X server, the $HOME/.Xauthority of the old user needs to be readable by the new user.

The gksu package (popcon: @@@pop-gksu@@@) is a specialized GUI package for gaining the root privileges.

Web browsers in X

There are many [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Browsers web browser] packages with graphical display capabilities:

List of web browsers in X.

1

2

3

package

popcon

size

description

iceweasel

17848

-

unbranded Firefox, new

epiphany-browser

9841

-

Gnome

konqueror

5651

-

KDE

iceape-browser

1804

-

unbranded Mozilla, old

You may use following special URL strings to confirm browser settings.

  • "about:"

  • "about:config"

  • "about:plugins"

Debian offers many free plugins in the main component which can handle not only [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform) Java] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash Flash] but also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1 MPEG], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2 MPEG2], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4 MPEG4], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX DivX], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video Windows Media Video (.wmv)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime ?QuickTime (.mov)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3 MP3 (.mp3)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis Ogg/Vorbis] files, DVDs, VCDs, etc. Debian also offers helper programs to install non-free plugins for browsers as contrib or non-free components.

List of plugin browser packages.

1

2

3

package

popcon

size

component

description

java-gcj-compat-plugin

-

-

main

Java plugin using the gij runtime

gcjwebplugin

-

-

main

Java plugin using Free Java Virtual Machine

icedtea-gcjwebplugin

-

-

[http://bugs.debian.org/492311 main]

Java plugin using Hotspot JIT

sun-java5-plugin

-

-

non-free

Java plugin for Sun's Java SE 5.0 (i386 only)

sun-java6-plugin

-

-

non-free

Java plugin for Sun's Java SE 6 (i386 only)

swfdec-mozilla

-

-

main

Flash plugin based on libswfdec

mozilla-plugin-gnash

-

-

main

Flash plugin based on Gnash

flashplugin-nonfree

-

-

contrib

Flash plugin helper to install Adobe Flash Player (i386, amd64 only)

mozilla-bonobo

-

-

main

Mozilla plugin support for Gnome Bonobo components

mozilla-plugin-vlc

-

-

main

Multimedia plugin based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player VLC media player]

totem-mozilla

-

-

main

Multimedia plugin based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(media_player) Gnome's Totem media player]

gecko-mediaplayer

-

-

main

Multimedia plugin based on (GNOME) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer MPlayer]

{i} Although use of Debian package is much easier, plugins for browsers can be still manually enabled by installing "*.so" into plugin directories (e.g., /usr/lib/iceweasel/plugins/) and restarting browsers.

Some web sites refuse to be connected based on the user-agent string of your browser. You can work around this situation by [http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs spoofing the user-agent string] by adding:

user_pref{"general.useragent.override","Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 4.0)"};

into user configuration files such as ~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js or ~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js. (This may cause [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376 bad side effects with some Java].)