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Deletions are marked like this. | Additions are marked like this. |
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=== Hadling of exceptions === | === Exception handling === |
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Kjører man kommandoen '''uname -a''' etter installasjon, så vil man se | When running the command '''uname -a''' after installation, the following is displayed |
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Dette er innholdet av en fil med referanser til pakkearkiv på Internett eller fra en CD-rom: | This is the content of a file with references to package repositories on the Internet or from a CD ROM: |
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1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local</pre> | 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local }}} |
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1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local</pre> | 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local }}} |
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=== Hadling of exceptions === | === Exception handling === |
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Brukertilfelle: Oppdater pakkearkivet med oversikt over oppdaterte programmer. | Use case: Update the package repository with a summary of updated programs. |
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Man bør kjøre denne kommandoen ''før'' en oppgradering, eller før man legger til nye pakker. === Hadling of exceptions === |
This command must be executed ''before'' an upgrade or before adding new packages. === Exception handling === |
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=== Hadling of exceptions === | === Exception handling === |
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== Installasjon av pakker == | == Installation of packages == |
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== Fjerning av installerte pakker == | == Removal of installed packages == |
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== Søk gjennom filer i en pakke == Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å finne et programnavn eller fil i en pakke |
== Search through files in a package == Use case: Want to find a program name or file in a package |
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'''dpkg --listfiles <pakkenavn>''' | '''dpkg --listfiles <package name>''' |
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Dette kan se slik ut | This can look like this |
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== Utpakking av filer fra en pakke uten å installere disse. == Brukertilfelle: Kanskje man ved et uhell har slettet en viktig systemfil, og at man ikke har tatt backup. |
== Unpackaging files from a package without installing the package == Use case: Perhaps an important system file was deleted by accident, and there is no backup. |
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Advarsel: Pakk ''aldri'' ut pakker i root-katalogen `/`! | Warning: ''Never'' unpack packages in the root directory |
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. Da vil det lages nødvendige kataloger i `/tmp` og filene plasseres der. '''dpkg --vextract <pakkenavn> /tmp''' == Lag ditt eget pakkespeil == |
. Then the required directories will be created in `/tmp` and the files are placed there. '''dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp''' == Make your own package mirror == |
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Etter dette legges en ny line til fila `/etc/apt/sources.list`: | After this a new line is added to the file `/etc/apt/sources.list`: |
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Så må man kjøre kommandoen '''apt-get update''' som vanlig for å uppdatere pakkene i databasen. == Sikker innlogging på brannmur (ssh) == |
And then the command '''apt-get update''' must be executed as usual to update the packages in the database. == Secure login on firewall (ssh) == |
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Er du logget inn på en maskin i et Skolelinux/Debian-edu kan man bruke | If you are logged into a machine in a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network you can use |
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til å logge inn på Coyote Linux Er du utenfor et Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nett, kan man erstatte verdien 10.0.2.1 med en passende verdi for network card for WAN-et i [[#UsefulCommands--clguishow|i]]. I dette tilfellet kan det være '''ssh -l root 192.168.1.10''' Her vil man møtes med samme valg som om man var logget inn på Coyote Linux vev-administrasjon. Dette presenterer i en tekstbasert meny. |
to log in on Coyote Linux If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 can be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card [[#UsefulCommands--clguishow|with the WAN in]]. In this case it might be '''ssh -l root 192.168.1.10''' Here you will meet the same options as are present when logged into the Coyote Linux web administration. This is presented in a text based menu. |
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=== Hadling of exceptions === | === Exception handling === |
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Hovedforfatter: Klaus Ade Johnstad | Main author: Klaus Ade Johnstad |
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=== Hadling of exceptions === | === Exception handling === |
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=== Hadling of exceptions === | === Exception handling === |
Useful commands
Støtte for 4 GB minne <-- inn under konfigurasjonstyring
Brukertilfelle: Fordi det er begrenset plass på Skolelinux/Debian-edu CD-en er det bare lagt med en Linux-kjerne, altså minste felles multiplum. Det betyr at det er lagt med en kernel som virker på flest mulig typer maskinvare.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Hvilken type kernel som kjører finner man ut med kommandoen uname -a. Kommandoen kan brukes senere for å sikre at man har oppgradert til ønsket kjerne. Da kan det se slik ut:
tjener:~# uname -a Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-386 #1 Thu May 19 17:40:50 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux
Her kjøres en 386-kjerne, som burde virke på omtrent alt av PC-er. Men den er ikke optimal for to prosessorkjerner eller mer enn 940 MB minne.
Ønskes en kjerne for nye tjenermaskiner med masse minne og flere prosessorer, kan du laste ned og installere dette etterpå. Pakkesystemet til Debian gjør dette enkelt.
Se på Seksjon 8.9 for en mer detaljert beskrivelse av apt-get og dpkg.
smp er nøkkelordet man må se etter når man vil ha en Linux-kjerne med støtte for mere minne enn 940MB minne og doble prosessorer. Forkortelsen smp står for Symmetric Multi-Processors. Kommandoen kjøres fra et skall som lister ut antall kjerner klar for installasjon:
apt-cache search kernel-image | grep smp
. Når dette skrives får man følgende utlisting:
kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP kernel-image-2.4.27-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP kernel-image-2.4.27-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on AMD K7 SMP kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP. kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP. kernel-image-2.6.8-11-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD64 SMP systems kernel-image-2.6.8-11-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on Intel EM64T SMP systems kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP. kernel-image-2.6.8-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD K7 SMP.
Det er ikke behov for å oppgi en bestemt kjerne-versjon som 2.4.27 eller 2.6.8. Bare bruk 2.4 eller 2.6. Dette koker ned til
kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP. kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.
Nå trenger man kun å vite hva slags prosessor man har som f.eks. 686 (Intel), k7 (AMD), AMD64 eller EM64T
Straks man vet vilken kjerne som passer på maskinen kan den installeres med kommandoen
apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-<your processor type>-smp
Er det en Intel Xeon i maskinen kan man bruke
apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp
Bruker man en 2.4-kjerne
apt-get install kernel-image-2.4-<your processor type>-smp
With an AMD Athlon(TM) MP 2000 it is possible to use
apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp
Når man installerer ny kjerne kan man se noe som dette:
tjener:~# apt-get update tjener:~# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following extra packages will be installed: kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp Suggested packages: lilo kernel-doc-2.6.8 kernel-source-2.6.8 Recommended packages: irqbalance The following NEW packages will be installed: kernel-image-2.6-686-smp kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 15.3MB of archives. After unpacking 44.9MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 2.6.8-16 [15.3MB] Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6-686-smp 101 [2154B] Fetched 15.3MB in 1m13s (208kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. (Reading database ... 80762 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp_2.6.8-16_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6-686-smp. Unpacking kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6-686-smp_101_i386.deb) ... Setting up kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (2.6.8-16) ... File descriptor 3 left open File descriptor 4 left open File descriptor 5 left open File descriptor 6 left open File descriptor 7 left open Finding all volume groups Finding volume group "vg_data" Finding volume group "vg_system" Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub . Testing for an existing GRUB menu.list file... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst . Searching for splash image... none found, skipping... Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-686-smp Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-386 Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done Setting up kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (101) ...
Som det vises ble det spurt om å installere kernel-image-2.6-686-smp, og det ble automatisk oversatt til å installere kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. Det ble også foreslått å installere noen andre pakker som kan være nyttige.
Reboot the machine with the command: shutdown -r now
Exception handling
To activate a new kernel the machine need to be rebooted.
Bygge av kjerne på en Skolelinux/Debian-edu-maskin er eneste gang man behøver omstart. Når man installerer andre program er det ikke behov for omstart.
Verification
When running the command uname -a after installation, the following is displayed
tjener:~# uname -a Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-686-smp #1 SMP Thu May 19 17:27:55 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux
Etter installasjon av smp-kjerne, og omstart er utført, kan man kjøre kommandoen free og cat /proc/cpuinfo. Då kan man se om den nye kjernen bruker alt minne og begge prosessorer.
ltspserver00:~# free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 4074752 4045556 29196 0 339248 2327780 -/+ buffers/cache: 1378528 2696224 Swap: 1835000 5852 1829148
Her er en nedkortet utskrift som har fjernet unødvendig utskrift.
ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 2 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz processor : 1 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 2 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz processor : 2 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 2 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz processor : 3 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 2 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz
Update configuration database
Administrating packages (apt-get)
Use case: Installing new programs or updtae programs
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
To install packages one need to tell from where they should be fetched. In other words, which package archive to use.
One can specify package archives in the file
Man kan arbeide med pakkeadministrasjon på kommandolinja. Det er flere grafiske program også som f.eks. KPackage 7 eller Webmin 12
This section provide a quick introduction to using the command line for administrating packages.
This is the content of a file with references to package repositories on the Internet or from a CD ROM:
#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free 1. deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both 1. http based apt source: ---------------- 1. deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free 1. deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free 1. deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local 1. ftp based apt source: ----------------- 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local
Merk at linjene uten skigard ( # ) forran kan brukes som referanse til pakkearkiv. Eksemplet vise at man kun får pakker fra CD-rommen som ble brukt under installsjon. Andre arkiv er ikke aktivisert. Skal man gjøre dette bør man åpne for sikkerhetsoppgraderinger. Så kan man prøve seg på andre arkiver for flere pakker.
As a start it should look something like this:
#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local 1.deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both 1. http based apt source: ---------------- deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local 1. ftp based apt source: ----------------- 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local
Note that there is a # sign in front of the line containing "deb: cdrom". There is no need to load packages from a CD-ROM when one can get everything from the Internet.
Legges det til en ny linje i denne fila må man også oppdatere databasen som har informasjon om hva som er tilgjengelig.
Se Kapittel 13 for andre linjer som kan legges inn som kilde for pakker.
Exception handling
Linkene til pakkearkiv har en bestemt utforming. Følger man ikke dette får man feilmelding ved oppdatering med oppfordring om å rette feilen.
Kommentartegnet ( # ) er også på plass forran flere linjer i fila. Teknikken med "å kommentere ut", er typisk for de fleste oppsettsfiler i Linux. Andre symbol som kan være i bruk er semikollon ( ; ) og doble skråstreker ( // ). Men her er det altså skigard som gjelder, og fjernes dette gjelder det som står på linja.
Update the package archive
Use case: Update the package repository with a summary of updated programs.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Utvalget av tilgjengelige pakker oppdateres stadig. Det mest vanlige er at det kommer sikkerhetsoppdateringer. Nye versjoner av programvaren kan også bli lagt ut. Derfor må man oppdatere informasjonen om pakkearkivene. Dette gjøres med følgende kommando
tjener:~# apt-get update Get:1 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages [17.4kB] Ign http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Release Get:2 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Packages [20B] Get:3 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Release [102B] Get:4 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Packages [20B] Get:5 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Release [105B] Get:6 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Packages [20B] Get:7 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Release [106B] Get:8 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages [3347kB] Get:9 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Packages [155kB] Get:10 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Release [110B] Get:11 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Packages [538B] Get:12 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Release [113B] Get:13 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Packages [20B] Get:14 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Release [114B] Get:15 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Release [95B] Get:16 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Packages [56.2kB] Get:17 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Release [98B] Get:18 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Packages [58.4kB] Get:19 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Release [99B] Fetched 3635kB in 23s (157kB/s) Reading Package Lists... Done
This command must be executed before an upgrade or before adding new packages.
Exception handling
Verification
Update to new packages
Use case: Updating the installed packages to a newer version if one is available
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Alle pakkene som allerede er installert kan oppgraderes til nyere versjoner med kommandoen
apt-get upgrade
tjener:~# apt-get upgrade Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following packages will be upgraded: apache apache-common apache2-utils bsdutils cfengine cfengine-doc courier-authdaemon courier-base courier-imap courier-imap-ssl courier-ldap courier-ssl cpio debian-edu-config debian-edu-install education-common education-main-server education-networked education-tasks libapr0 libice6 libmysqlclient12 libpam-ldap libpcre3 libsensors3 libsm6 libsnmp-base libsnmp5 libssl0.9.7 libungif4g libx11-6 libxext6 libxft1 libxi6 libxmu6 libxmuu1 libxp6 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxt6 libxtrap6 libxtst6 localization-config lynx mount mysql-common ntp ntp-refclock ntp-server ntpdate openssl python2.3 slbackup snmp squid squid-common tcpdump util-linux xdebconfigurator xfree86-common xlibs xlibs-data 62 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 23.7MB of archives. After unpacking 225kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
Bare trykk Enter eller 'Y' og så Enter. Pakkene vil lastes ned og installeres automatisk. Man vil få en endringslogg i det oppgraderingen starter.
Straks man har oppgradert kan man slette pakkene som er lasted ned i katalogen /var/cache/apt/archives/. Bruk kommandoen
apt-get clean
for å rydde i arkivet. Dette bør gjøres av og til. Ellers blir /var fylt opp.
Warning
Noen ganger er det greit å se hva som kommer til å skje før man oppgraderer. Man vil gjøre en vurdering om det er behov for å laste ned flere store pakker. Kanskje må man vente til det er mer tilgjengelig nettkapasitet. Kjører man
apt-get upgrade --simulate
vil man simulere hva som vil skje, uten at det faktisk skjer. Er dette for mye informasjon på skjermen kan man kjøre
apt-get upgrade --simulate | more
Ser det greit ut, kan man kjøre kommandoen igjen uten paramteret --simulate
Det går også å bruke aptitude dist-upgrade i kombinasjon med apt-get upgrade.
Exception handling
Noen ganger vil man få en melding om endringer som berører pakker som skal oppgraderes eller installeres, som her
kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713). * Removed alpha compile flags. * Fresh admin/ sync. -- Ben Burton <bab@debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100 kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low * First KDE3 upload to debian! * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support. * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*
Use Space on the keyboard to browse through the message. Then you will see
quanta (1:3.0pr1-1) unstable; urgency=low * New upstream release. * Built for KDE3. -- Ben Burton <benb@acm.org> Wed, 4 Sep 2002 10:36:12 +1000 (END)
Press the q key to quit and you get
Fetched 60.2MB in 11m24s (87.9kB/s) Reading changelogs... Done apt-listchanges: Do you want to continue? [Y/n]?
To continue you need to press Y for Yes.
Verification
Summary of installed packages
Use case: Want a summary of installed packages
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
To get a summary of the installed packages run this command
dpkg --list | more
Vær klar over at de to første bokstavene til pakken: "ii" betyr at en pakke er fullt installert.
To get the status of one particular package one can use grep to search for it:
tjener:~# dpkg --list | grep apache ii apache 1.3.33-6 versatile, high-performance HTTP server ii apache-common 1.3.33-6 support files for all Apache webservers ii apache2-utils 2.0.54-4 utility programs for webservers
Find the name of a particular package
Use case: Often it is hard to remember the name of a package.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
To find a particular package one can use a search term with this command:
apt-cache search <pakkenavn>
Try this if there is too much text on the screen
apt-cache search <package name>|more
The two symbols < and > must not be used. They are only used in this example.
tjener:~# apt-cache search apache apache - versatile, high-performance HTTP server apache-common - support files for all Apache webservers apache-dbg - debug versions of the Apache webservers apache-dev - development kit for the Apache webserver apache-doc - documentation for the Apache webserver apache-perl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with Perl support apache-ssl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with SSL support apache-utils - utility programs for webservers (transitional package)
As the screen dump show there are a lot more related to apache than the packages already installed.
Vis tilgjengelig informasjon om pakker
Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å få opplysninger om pakken. Det kan være avhengigheter til andre pakker ol.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
The command
apt-cache showpkg <package name>
and
<apt-cache policy <package name>
vil gi detaljer om pakken.
tjener:~# apt-cache showpkg kdissert Package: kdissert Versions: 0.3.8-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org_debian_dists_sarge_main_binary-i386_Packages) Reverse Depends: Dependencies: 0.3.8-1 - kdelibs4 (2 4:3.3.2-4.0.2) libc6 (2 2.3.2.ds1-4) libgcc1 (2 1:3.4.1-3) libqt3c102-mt (2 3:3.3.3) libstdc++5 (2 1:3.3.4-1) Provides: 0.3.8-1 - Reverse Provides: tjener:~# apt-cache policy kdissert kdissert: Installed: (none) Candidate: 0.3.8-1 Version Table: 0.3.8-1 0 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages
Så man ser pakken kdissert ikke er installert, men tilgjengelig for installasjon i versjon 0.3.8-1 fra `http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main`
Installation of packages
Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å installere et program eller programpakke.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Når man har funnet pakken som skal installeres, kjøres kommandoen
apt-get install <pakkenavn>
Ønsker man å se hva som skjedde under installasjon bør man kjøre en simulering først med kommandoen
apt-get install <pakkenavn> --simulate
tjener:~# apt-get install aterm --simulate Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: aterm 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Inst aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable) tjener:~# apt-get install aterm Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: aterm 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 91.6kB of archives. After unpacking 287kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main aterm 0.4.2-11 [91.6kB] Fetched 91.6kB in 1s (71.0kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package aterm. (Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking aterm (from .../aterm_0.4.2-11_i386.deb) ... Setting up aterm (0.4.2-11) ...
Removal of installed packages
Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å fjerne bestemte pakker som ikke skal brukes.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
For å finne en bestemt pakke som skal fjernes brukes kommandoer som er nevnt over.
Når man har funnet navnet på pakken kjører man kommandoen
apt-get remove <package name>
Ønsker man å se hva om skjer ved pakkefjerning kan man simulere dette med kommandoen
apt-get remove <package name> --simulate
tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm --simulate Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: aterm 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Remv aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable) tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: aterm 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 287kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] (Reading database ... 32936 files and directories currently installed.) Removing aterm ...
Installer bestemt versjon av en pakke
Brukertilfelle: Ønsker en bestemt versjon av en pakke. Det kan f.eks være en tidligere utgave av et program.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
When installing a package with the command
apt-get install <package name>
then the newest package is installed. Some times an older version instead of the newest version is wanted.
apt-get install <package name>=older_version_number
To get an older version of the Webmin backup module one can run
apt-cache showpkg webmin-slbackup
to get a summary of the available version
tjener:~# apt-cache policy webmin-slbackup webmin-slbackup: Installed: 0.0.10-1 Candidate: 0.0.10-1 Version Table: *** 0.0.10-1 0 500 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 0.0.9-1 0 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages
Here one can see there are two versions available. Both 0.0.9-1 and 0.0.10-1
If the 0.0.9-1 version of the program is wanted it can be installed using the following command
apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1
tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 --simulate Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following packages will be DOWNGRADED: webmin-slbackup 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Inst webmin-slbackup [0.0.10-1] (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following packages will be DOWNGRADED: webmin-slbackup 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 22.0kB of archives. After unpacking 131kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main webmin-slbackup 0.0.9-1 [22.0kB] Fetched 22.0kB in 0s (23.6kB/s) dpkg - warning: downgrading webmin-slbackup from 0.0.10-1 to 0.0.9-1. (Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace webmin-slbackup 0.0.10-1 (using .../webmin-slbackup_0.0.9-1_all.deb) ... Unpacking replacement webmin-slbackup ... Setting up webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1) ...
Install a package using dpkg
Brukertilfelle: Noen ganger er det ønsket å laste ned en pakke fra andre som ikke ligger i et Debian nettarkiv. Operas nettleser et en slik pakke.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Last ned pakken fra hjemmesiden til de som har laget programmet. Det kan f.eks være Opera. Programmet installeres med følgende kommando:
dpkg -i <pakkens fulle filnavn>
. Ønsker man først å simulere dette prøv
dpkg --no-act -i <pakkens fulle filnavn>
tjener:~# dpkg --install --no-act opera_8.51-20051114.5-sharedqt_en_sarge_i386.deb Selecting previously deselected package opera. (Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ... tjener:~# dpkg --install opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb Selecting previously deselected package opera. (Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ... dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of opera: opera depends on libqt3c102-mt; however: Package libqt3c102-mt is not installed. dpkg: error processing opera (--install): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured Errors were encountered while processing: opera
dpkg krever mer håndtering enn apt-get fordi den ikke håndterer pakkeavhengigheter. Det betyr at man kanskje må kjøre apt-get umiddelbart etterpå med ekstra paramter. F.eks. hjelper det å kjøre apt-get --fix-broken for å ordne opp
tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken --simulate Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done Correcting dependencies... Done The following extra packages will be installed: libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2 Suggested packages: nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc The following NEW packages will be installed: libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2 0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Inst libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ] Inst liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ] Inst libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ] Inst libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ] Inst libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ] Inst libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable) Conf opera (8.51-20051114.5 ) tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done Correcting dependencies... Done The following extra packages will be installed: libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2 Suggested packages: nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc The following NEW packages will be installed: libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2 0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 3489kB of archives. After unpacking 8753kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libaudio2 1.7-2 [71.5kB] Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main liblcms1 1.13-1 [123kB] Get:3 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libmng1 1.0.8-1 [171kB] Get:4 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxcursor1 1.1.3-1 [23.7kB] Get:5 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxft2 2.1.7-1 [54.4kB] Get:6 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libqt3c102-mt 3:3.3.4-3 [3045kB] Fetched 3489kB in 16s (212kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package libaudio2. (Reading database ... 33027 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking libaudio2 (from .../libaudio2_1.7-2_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package liblcms1. Unpacking liblcms1 (from .../liblcms1_1.13-1_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package libmng1. Unpacking libmng1 (from .../libmng1_1.0.8-1_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package libxcursor1. Unpacking libxcursor1 (from .../libxcursor1_1.1.3-1_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package libxft2. Unpacking libxft2 (from .../libxft2_2.1.7-1_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously deselected package libqt3c102-mt. Unpacking libqt3c102-mt (from .../libqt3c102-mt_3%3a3.3.4-3_i386.deb) ... Setting up libaudio2 (1.7-2) ... Setting up liblcms1 (1.13-1) ... Setting up libmng1 (1.0.8-1) ... Setting up libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1) ... Setting up libxft2 (2.1.7-1) ... Setting up libqt3c102-mt (3.3.4-3) ... Setting up opera (8.51-20051114.5) ...
Rustet med forskjellige kommandoer fra tidligere i kapitlet, kan man nå bekrefte at Opera allerede er installert
tjener:~# apt-cache policy opera opera: Installed: 8.51-20051114.5 Candidate: 8.51-20051114.5 Version Table: *** 8.51-20051114.5 0 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status tjener:~# dpkg --list|grep opera
ii opera 8.51-20051114. The Opera Web Browser
Search through files in a package
Use case: Want to find a program name or file in a package
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Man får en oversikt med kommandoen
dpkg --listfiles <package name>
tjener:~# dpkg --listfiles opera /usr/bin /usr/bin/opera . . . /etc /etc/opera6rc /etc/opera6rc.fixed
Finn hvilken pakke en fil kom fra
Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å finne pakken en fil har kommet fra.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
dpkg --search <filename>
This can look like this
tjener:~# dpkg --search /etc/opera6rc.fixed opera: /etc/opera6rc.fixed
Unpackaging files from a package without installing the package
Use case: Perhaps an important system file was deleted by accident, and there is no backup.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Bruker man kommandoen
dpkg --search <filename>
Warning: Never unpack packages in the root directory
finner man hvilken pakke filen kom fra. Så kan man pakke ut pakken å få tilbake systemfilen slik vi viser videre.
Først må man få tak i den aktuelle deb-pakken. Man kan gjøre dette ved å plassere det i /tmp-katalogen. Man kan pakke ut filene i denne katalogen med kommandoen
dpkg --vextract <packagename> /tmp
. Then the required directories will be created in /tmp and the files are placed there.
dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp
Make your own package mirror
Brukertilfelle: Noen pakker blir stadig installert. Andre pakker vil man unngå å laste ned fra Internett.
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Kommandoen apt-get gjør det enkelt å installere pakker fra Internett. Men apt-get vil også bruke betydelig med nettkapasitet når program lastes ned fra debian-arkiv på Internett. Derfor kan man sende apt-get avgårde til et lokalt pakkearkiv. På den måten kan man installere pakker som allerede er lastet ned med enkel bruk av apt-get. Dette gir rask installasjon.
mkdir /var/www/dpkg
cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/www/dpkg
cd /var/www/
dpkg-scanpackages dpkg /dev/null | gzip -9c > dpkg/Packages.gz
After this a new line is added to the file /etc/apt/sources.list:
deb file:///var/www dpkg/
And then the command apt-get update must be executed as usual to update the packages in the database.
Secure login on firewall (ssh)
Brukertilfelle: Noen ganger er det nødvendig å logge inn på Coyote Linux uten nettleser tilgjengelig. Kanskje kommandolinjen er å foretrekke?. Da kan man bruke ssh for å koble til Coyote Linux.
If you are logged into a machine in a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network you can use
ssh -l root 10.0.2.1
to log in on Coyote Linux
If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 can be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card with the WAN in. In this case it might be ssh -l root 192.168.1.10
Here you will meet the same options as are present when logged into the Coyote Linux web administration. This is presented in a text based menu.
Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk q) quit e) Exit ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Selection:
Man vil ha omtrent samme valg som når man er logget inn på Coyote Linux med vev-administrasjon. Se Seksjon 3.7 for en kort beskrivelse av meyvalgene.
Når man velger q) quit vil man ende opp med en kommandolinje i Coyote Linux. Må man tilbake til hovedmenyen i Coyote Linux, skriver man menu og trykker Enter.
Ser du dette når man forsøker å logge inn på Coyote Linux
klaus@tjener:~$ ssh 10.0.2.1 -l root @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY! Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)! It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed. The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is 34:b7:a3:9b:06:4c:e2:30:1b:0d:03:45:7b:22:b7:dd. Please contact your system administrator. Add correct host key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message. Offending key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts:27 RSA host key for 10.0.2.1 has changed and you have requested strict checking. Host key verification failed.
Er det mest sannsynlig at man tidligere har logget inn fra en annen maskin, med IP-adressen 10.0.2.1, eller man har endret network card i Coyote Linux. Det kan også være attakk fra en ukjent mellomman. Løsningen er å fjerne nøkkelen, i dette tilfellet linje nummer 27 i fila /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts.
Exception handling
Verification
Update configuration database
Statusoversikt for brannmur (Coyote)
Brukertilfelle: Hvilke kommandoer kan brukes for å få meny eller få en oversikt over tilstanden til brannmuren?
Main author: Klaus Ade Johnstad
Nyttige kommando i Coyote Linux
- ping
Nyttig for å finne ut om nettverket fungerer. Kommandoen ser om det er tilkobling til Skolelinux/Debian-edu-hovedtjener
coyote# ping -c5 10.0.2.2 PING 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.9 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.5 ms
- uptime
Denne kommandoen gir tiden Coyote Linux har kjørt siden forrige omstart.
coyote# uptime\n 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
- dmesg
Denne kommandoen skriver ut informasjon om Linux-kernen som er kjører på maskinen. Man får ut ting som minne, prosessor, network carder. Er det for mye utdata fra dmesg kan man kjøre dette gjennom et såkalt bla-program som f.eks. «more», og bruk Mellomrom for å lese alt, dmesg|more
- ifconfig
Viser ekstra informasjon om network cardene.
coyote# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44 inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 MiB) Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 MiB) Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 MiB)
- lsmod
Denne kommandoen lister opp driver-moduler. Det er nyttig når man vil se hvilke moduler som er i bruk med network carder.
coyote# lsmod Module Size Used by eepro100 17516 1 3c59x 24408 1 mii 1852 0 [eepro100] ip_nat_quake3 1608 0 (unused) ip_nat_mms 2448 0 (unused) ip_nat_h323 2044 0 (unused) ip_nat_amanda 1020 0 (unused)
Dette er en listing som viser at driver-modulenene for network card er lastet. For Intel pro100 er det modulen eepro100 og 3Com har modulen 3c59x (som gjelder for kort med typebetegnelse 3c590, 3c595, 3c900, 3c905). Se Seksjon 3.12
- route
- traceroute
Er nyttig for å finne hvor Internett-pakker tar veien. Ved eventuelle problemer er det kjent å se hvor Internett-pakkene tar veien.
- showcfg
Enda en kommando som gir informasjon om tilstanden til network carder.
Coyote running configuration display utility. Internet (eth1): UP LAN network (eth0): UP -------------Internet configuration-------------- IP Address 192.168.100.133 (Static) Netmask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.100.2 ----------------LAN configuration---------------- IP Address 10.0.2.1 Netmask 255.255.254.0 Broadcast 10.0.3.255 ----------------DNS configuration---------------- domain localdomain nameserver 213.184.200.1 nameserver 213.184.200.2 ------------------------------------------------- 10:51am up 7 days, 20:53, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 Press enter to return to system menu.
- free
The command is used to see how much memory is availalbe and how much is used. This machine has 32 MB memory.
coyote# free total used free shared buffers Mem: 30860 6004 24856 0 0 Swap: 0 0 0 Total: 30860 6004 24856
- menu
This commands starts the Coyote Linux Menu
Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk
menu
This command starts the Coyote Linux menu
Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n\n\n 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n\n c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk
- reboot
coyote#reboot
This command do a reboot of Coyote Linux
- shutdown
coyote#halt
Here Coyote Linux is turned off
Next
Use case:
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Exception handling
Verification
Update configuration database
Last
Use case:
Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
Co-author: Knut Yrvin
Exception handling
Verification